Literature Tidbit
Elephants knock down trees to eat the new shoots at the top. Generally they select old and decaying trees because they are easier to knock down. However:
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Elephants experiencing population pressure in African game parks turn savanna into grassland
- When elephant are not under population pressure they maintain patchiness in closed forest by creating gaps (Wing and Buss, 1970)
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To the earlier exploration - "The Pleistocene Holocene Transition - The Case of the Arboricidal Megaherbivores"