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24,714 or 24,487 - Aquarius became the constellation that rose in the east just before the sun (rose heliacally) on March 21
Earth turned toward galactic center (adding half of 25,920 [precession] to 11527)
27,000 - 20,000 Gravetian Perigordian (Gimbutas, 331) (continues) (many female statuettes - "goddesses")
24,000 - 22,000 - two new Stone Age cultures started to replace the Gravettian styles of the Middle Upper Palaeolithic in the south of France and in Spain. One of these cultures predominated; the Solutrean.
Characteristically, Solutrean stone-knappers produced finely
crafted flint spear and arrow points, which were worked on
both faces using fine invasive flaking. They also made ornamental
beads and bone pins as well as creating evocative prehistoric art. Initially flourished on both sides of the Pyrenees, especially in Aquitaine in SW France. (Oppenheimer: Origins of the British = OB, 125)
24,000 - Stones for grinding wild cereal grains Solomon Islands - Eden in the East - Stephen Oppenheimer 1998
23,000 - Siberian A, B, C, D, X mtDNA moved into North America - https://www.cambridgedna.com/genealogy-dna-ancient-migrations-slideshow.php
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22,554 or 22,327 - Capricorn became the constellation that rose in the east just before the sun (rose heliacally) on March 21
22,000 - Würm glaciation starts in Alps
As early as 22,000
BC wild emmer wheat and wild barley were being gathered, ground and consumed at
Ohalo II in Israel
Agricultural Origins and Frontiers in South Asia:
A Working Synthesis - Dorian Q. Fuller (2006)
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20,394 or 20,167 - Sagittarius became the constellation that rose in the east just before the sun (rose heliacally) on March 21
20,000 - second aridity maximum starts - http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/nercEUROPE.html
(20,000) Mal'ta, Siberia (Met Museum)
20,000 - 18,000 - Inter-Gravettian-Solutrean (Gimbutas, 331)
20,000 - evidence for the Solutrean culture contracts south of the Pyrenees to northern Spain. (OB, 125)
19,000-15,000 - Solutreans - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutrean
Papuans (who constitute the majority of New Guinea's peoples) are descended from the earliest human inhabitants, who first arrived (either side of the Last Glacial Maximum, approx 19,000 BC) when the island was connected to the Australian continent via a land bridge. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea
19,000 - people paddled boats across 30 miles of choppy water from Honshu, Japan to Kozushima Island to fetch obsidian. http://discovermagazine.com/2008/jun/20-did-humans-colonize-the-world-by-boat
21,000 - With the retreat of the Solutrean, Badegoulian culture came
to the fore in southwest France (became dominant in the Dordogne refuge cultures), and then thrived throughout the LGM. (OB, 126) [earliest phase of the Magdalenian?]
23,000 - 11,000 - The Magdalenian culture. . . . arose from the pre-glacial, Epi-Gravettian cold-adapted culture in Eastern Europe and spread south-west to France shortly before the LGM. (OB, 126)
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SOLUTREAN - EUROPE
First Neolithic?
Earliest obsidian boating & trade
MAGDALENIAN - EUROPE
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18,234 or 18,007 - Scorpio became the constellation that rose in the east just before the sun (rose heliacally) on March 21
NORTHERN EUROPE:
20,000-15,000 - Peak of the last Ice Age - the North Sea and the English Channel dried up, and Britain was joined with Ireland and France as part of the larger European landmass. It is almost certain that this British corner of Greater Europe was completely cleared of people at some time during the LGM. (OB, 115)
[Date-spread too big?]
An ice sheet on Antarctica began to grow some 20 million years ago. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age
18,000 - LGM (last glacial maximum) (the Würm or Wisconsin glaciation) - 28,000 - 8,000 [Date-spread too big?]
northern de-population, northern groups isolated
During the last Ice Age most of the British Isles was covered by an ice cap. The rest of the extended landmass, including
north-west France, was uninhabited polar desert.
18,000 - 15,000 Solutrean (Gimbutas, 331)
16,000 - Parts of eastern France . . . slightly more benign landscape suitable for hunting, with dry grassland extending possibly as far north as the Champagne region, so a couple of LGM sites of human activity in NE France. (OB, 117)
15,000 - Lascaux cave paintings, France (Met Museum, & Mysteries of the Past, 1977)
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MEDITERRANEAN AND MIDEAST:
Northern Spain and southern France held the western refuge populations, inherited respectively by Solutrean and Badegoulian cultures. (OB, 116)
Farther east in Europe, a much larger collection of refuge
areas existed between the Balkans and the Ukraine. (OB, 116)
In Eastern Europe, thriving communities extended up the tributaries of the rivers Don, Dnestr and Dnepr in the Ukraine and in Moldavia, both north of the Black Sea. (OB, 117)
= mtDNA: retreats to Beriingia > A/D
and Iberia > H/V
18,000 - 10,000 - Kebarans in the eastern Mediterranean area. Highly mobile nomadic people of hunters and gatherers in the Levant and Sinai areas who utilized microlithic tools. Small, geometric microliths. Thought to lack specialized grinders and pounders.
Thought to practice dispersal to upland environments in the summer, and aggregation in caves and rockshelters near lowland lakes in the winter. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebaran_culture
(The first anatomically-modern humans to live in area (Israel). [cite]
25,000 - 15,000 - Emergence of Blood Type A? (greater immunity to plague, cholera, smallpox) in Middle East?
18,000 - hearth in Taitung, Taiwan [cite]
Australian rock art - Bradshaw Paintings.
16,000 Shards of pottery unearthed in a cave in Hunan province, southern China = new earliest ceramic (June 2009)
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AMERICAS:
The first Americans came from a single Siberian population and ventured across the Bering land bridge connecting Asia and North America about 20,000 BCE.
18,000 - Solutreans in America? Solutreans made bifacial projectile points like Clovis in America, the only paleolithic people in Europe that did that. Solutrean points have clear thinning at the base, and some have little flutes in them. It's incipient to this fluting -- and these things really work nicely on harpoons. Many Solutrean practices paralleled those of Clovis. They often made large blades - sometimes unfinished - which they'd store in caches. Clovis people did the same, i.e. the Simon cache, Idaho. About a dozen Clovis caches have been found. And there's a Clovis spear shaft wrench, of mammoth bone. The first people to make these were the Solutreans.
Cactus Hill, in Virginia, is a recently discovered, very old east coast site that - like Topper - is forcing new thinking.
Radiocarbon date: about 18,000. That's pre-Clovis (11,000 B.C.).
(Dennis Stanford (Smithsonian) - Scientific American Frontiers Program #1406 - "Coming Into America", 2004) - [cite]
18,000-13,000 Hokkaido microblade type > found in British Colombia
17,000-13,000 from eastern North America into South America. / Americas: one group stayed in Beringia A/D (lost B, C, X) >
Eskimo-Aleut and Dene-speaking peoples.
Second group: 16,000 - arrived in Meadowcroft, Penn & on to South America: A, B, C, D
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16,500 - Orion's head and shoulders in position marked at Nabta (Origin Map page xv)
15,000 - Taurus recognized as constellation (Origin Map xvi: Frank Edge)
16,500 - 15,000 Wadi Kubbaniya, near Aswan, Egypt, crops of wheat, barley, lentils, chick-peas, capers, dates
(Science Nov 1982) (17,000–15,000 Met Museum) - http://www.antiquityofman.com/wadi_kubbaniya.html
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MAGDALENIAN &
BADEGOULIAN:
EUROPE
KEBARAN:
LEVANT & SINAI
SOLUTREAN - AMERICA?
In subtropical and temperate areas (i.e. Southeast Asia), the climate remained temperate-to-warm throughout the Ice Age. (Eden in the East - Oppenheimer 1998)
World's earliest ceramic (China)
Earliest Farming (Egypt) |
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16,074 or 15,847 - Libra became the constellation that rose in the east just before the sun (rose heliacally) on March 21
15,000 - end of the peak of the last Ice Age (OB, 115)
15,000? 10,000? Tiahuanaco, Bolivia (Posnansky, Steede) - Kalasasaya court oriented to the rising & setting of the solstice sun
14,500 - earthenware Aomori prefecture in northern Japan = oldest clay pot (Jomon rope-like pattern) (The Economist, April 1999)
15,000 - 9000 BC, Magdalenians dominated much of France, as far south as Valencia, as far east as Poland. Hunted horses, oxen, and deer, but lived mainly off reindeer. Decorated their spear-throwers with elaborate naturalistic carvings of horses, ibex (type of goat), birds, fish. - Quest for the Past] /
15,000 - 8500 Magdalenian (Gimbutas, 331)
The earliest archaeological evidence for the recolonization of NW Europe comes from the Rhineland and southern Germany, to where Magdalenian cultures had spread shortly before 14,000 BC. Belgium, the Netherlands, eastern and northern Germany, and Poland then rapidly lit up with numerous new sites of occupation as the Magdalenians spread into the North European Plain. (OB)
14,000 (after) - activity also reappears in Belgium, southern and eastern Germany, and the Rhineland. (OB, 117)
14,000 - mother goddess figurine - Direkli Cave in the southern province of Kahramanmaraş. (August 2009)
(Turkey) -
http://todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-184230-16000-year-old-mother-goddess-figurine-unearthed.html
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MAGDALENIAN:
EUROPE |
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13,914 or 13,687 - Virgo became the constellation that rose in the east just before the sun (rose heliacally) on March 21
13,000 - 11,000 (10,500) climate warms.
Monte Verde, southern Chile (11565-9790) stone tools. Luzia (Brazil coast), Taima Taima (north S.Am. coast)
13,000 - Britain re-entered after LGM, shortly after European north. Northern Britain: Creswellian stone tool styles. (OB, 119)
13,000 - Rock face drawings and etchings recently rediscovered in southern Egypt are similar in age and style to the iconic Stone Age cave paintings in Lascaux, France, and Altamira, Spain . . .
estimated to be about 15,000 years old—were chiseled into several sandstone cliff faces at the village of Qurta, about 400 miles (640 kilometers) south of Cairo.
Of the more than 160 figures found so far, most depict wild bulls. . . . suggestion that the figures were from the Paleolithic age—. . . 2.5 million . . . to about 10,000 years ago . . . - http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/07/070711-egypt-artwork.html
Around 13,000 BCE, humans crossed from Asia to North America and from there to South America. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/human-migration.html
A consensus is emerging in the highly contentious debate over the colonization of the Americas, according to a study that says the bulk of the region wasn't settled until as late as 13,000 BCE. Researchers analyzed both archaeological and genetic evidence from several dozen sites throughout the Americas and eastern Asia. "In the past archaeologists haven't paid too much attention to molecular genetic evidence. . . We have brought together two different fields of science, and it looks like they are coming up with the same set of answers . . . the first Americans came from a single Siberian population and ventured across the Bering land bridge connecting Asia and North America about 20,000 BCE. The group got stuck in Alaska because of glacial ice, however, so humans probably didn't migrate down into the rest of the Americas until after 14,500 BCE, when an ice-free corridor in Canada opened up. . . . Genetic evidence . . . points to a founding population of less than 5,000 individuals. Some geneticists had also previously suggested that the migration across the land bridge could have occurred as early as 28,000 BCE. (March 13, 2008) http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/03/080313-first-americans.html
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A team of U.S. researchers has proposed a new "working model" for when and how humans came to the New World: ancient seafarers, travelling by boat along the ice-fringed British Columbia coast, launched the peopling of the Americas about 13,000 BCE.
This entry route would help explain the growing number of archeological sites dating from before 11,000 BCE. Presumed archeological traces left by the New World pioneers along B.C.'s coast would have been submerged by the rising Pacific Ocean about 8,000 BCE, after the final retreat of the glaciers. That's why Canadian scientists have been scouring raised sea caves on Vancouver Island and elsewhere in B.C. . . .
Those caves, it's believed, were among the earliest ice-free refuges after the glaciers retreated, and later escaped flooding from the rising Pacific.
[and] preparing this year to probe the shallow seafloor off the Queen Charlotte Islands in search of possible abandoned campsites inundated by the ocean millennia ago. The earlier maritime migrants are thought to have plied the coastal waters of the North Pacific in sealskin boats, moving in small groups over many generations from their traditional homelands in the Japanese islands or elsewhere.
In their study, the U.S. researchers also cite genetic evidence suggesting "all modern Native Americans descended from a single-source population" in ancient Asia. (March 15, 2008) http://www.canada.com/victoriatimescolonist/news/story.html?id=7715ca13-0a49-4cb6-b0bd-9af973884e20&k=30338
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12,000 - Monte Verde site in southern Chile earliest known human settlement in the Americas and provides additional support for the theory that one early migration route followed the Pacific Coast more than 14,000 years ago. Identification of nine species of seaweed and marine algae recovered from hearths and other areas in the ancient settlement. Located in a peat bog about 500 miles south of Santiago and has revealed well-preserved ruins of a small settlement of 20 to 30 people living in a dozen huts along a small creek. A wide variety of food has been found at the site, including extinct species of llama and an elephant-like animal called a gomphothere, shellfish, vegetables and nuts.
Most scholars now believe that people first entered the new world through the Bering land bridge . . . [before] 14,000 BCE. After entering Alaska . . . The general view is that [they] would have spread down the coast much faster than they could move inland because they could exploit familiar coastal resources more readily . . . However, evidence to support the coastal migration theory has been particularly hard to find because sea levels at the time were about 200 feet lower than today: As the sea level rose, it would have covered most of the early coastal settlements.
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-05/vu-nef050208.php
13,000-12,000 -
Farming at four Isnan sites at Naquada, Dishna and at Tushka [Egypt].Thrived for 1,000 years, then suddenly disappeared - no evidence of domesticated seeds. http://www.goldenageproject.org.uk/chronology.html
12,500 - 9500 Egypt: at Isna, Naqada, Dishna, and Tushka, 125 miles upriver from Aswan - cultivated wheat grass, wild barley and other types of grasses; stone sickle blades, grinding stones;
Animal husbandry, communal villages(Gods of Eden)
12,600 - 10,800 -
Bolling or Allerod warming event, confirmed by maximum extent of glaciers when ice retreats and ice melt discharges start. Termed Windermere Interstadial, as warm as today, till intense heat events. http://www.goldenageproject.org.uk/chronology.html
12,400 - Paul LaViolette: "climax of galactic core outburst which lasted several thousand years"
12,500 immediate post-glacial high average world temperatures (OB, 151)
[After this]
the grasslands of Western Europe were gradually replaced by steppe woodland. Central and Southern Europe were mainly open forest, while in the north and west, steppe forest predominated with sparse birch and pine . . . . traces of human activity . . . decline slightly. (OB, 151)
14,000-12,000 The earliest evidence of long-distance trade in obsidian occurs during the late-glacial period, in the still-open landscapes before the spread of forests, when it circulated among Epipalaeolithic hunting and foraging groups around the Fertile Crescent. Two chains of connection are already evident: obsidian from the Bingöl region of south-east Turkey reached Iraqi Kurdistan (via the Hilly Flanks route), and obsidian from the Cappadocian area of central Turkey was carried across the Taurus to the middle Euphrates and the northern Levant (the Levantine Corridor). Geometric Kebaran, Zarzian.
http://www.archatlas.dept.shef.ac.uk/ObsidianRoutes/ObsidianRoutes.php
12,000 - Pole Star was Vega (ties with Nabta, Egypt - The Origin Map - Brophy)
12,000 - FLOODS 1 start - sea level increase from 85 meters below present to 70 meters below present (OB, 158)
12,000 - FLOODS 1 start [Eden] / Evidence of Clovis people disappears after 12,000.
12,000 - Stones for grinding wild cereal grains Upper Egypt and Nubia
12,000 - vessel from the middle reaches of the Yangtze river in China = next oldest clay pot
12,000 - 10,000 - Earliest known rice domestication: four grains of rice from Yuchanyan site, a rock shelter in Dao County, Hunan Province in China. http://archaeology.about.com/od/domestications/a/rice.htm
Xianrendong and Diaotonghuan, China (12,000 - 9,000 BC) Sites in the period between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic. Wannian County, Jiangxi Province - origins of pottery and cultivated rice. Pottery jar: cooking vessel (up, remnant height is 18 cm) Pottery fragment with stripes: (bottom, 0.7 cm-1.2 cm thick) - http://www.chinaculture.org/cnstatic/doc/exhibition/20e.doc
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It has been conjectured[1][2] that the North-West Caucasian languages may be genetically related to the Indo-European family, at a time depth of perhaps 12,000 years before the present. The hypothesised proto-language is called Proto-Pontic, but is not widely accepted.
There does at least appear to have been extensive contact between the two proto-languages, and the resemblances may be due to this influence. (language_groupings_my_ordering)
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12,500–10,800 BC Early Natufians (see information on next page) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufian
Natufian peoples lived in settled villages and exploited the wild ancestors of wheat, barley beginning in the Allerød-Bølling warm period (14,500 -12,900 B.P.) (Henry 1989), and then reverted to mobile hunting and gathering during the sharp, short Younger Dryas (12,500-11,500 B.P.). http://www.rednova.com/news/science/14958/retrospect_on_carl_ortwin_sauer/
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POST ICE-AGE AMERICA
FARMING (EGYPT) 2
EARLIEST RICE IN CHINA (but is it farmed?)
NATUFIAN (MIDEAST)
+ barley |