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11,754 or 11,527 - Leo became the constellation that rose in the east just before the sun (rose heliacally) on March 21
("11,300 - 9220")
Earth turned away from galactic center
11,500 - Egyptian beginning of time – Zep Tepi – appearance of Sirius (Robert Bauval) - ?starts Sothic Cycle?
Sphinx faces Leo before sunrise on spring equinox (Gods of Eden)
Was Giza Sphinx built to mark precession into Leo? (Origin Map) = away from galactic center (I say)
11,000 - 9500
Younger Dryas cold period.
In North America, forty million animals - giant beavers, woolly mammoths, mastodons, sabre-tooth cats, woolly rhinoceroses, sloths, tapirs, Arctic foxes, giant tree sloths, and many other large mammals disappeared at the beginning.
11,000 - spear points found near Clovis, New Mexico, America (1930s).
10,700 - 9,600 -
Termed Allerod or Younger Dryas, there was a dramatic fall in temperature to a level as cold as the Ice Age minimum. Rise in sea levels temporally reversed, with water locked up in ice caps and glaziers.
10,860 and 10,740 - Two dramatic rises in temperature, following major debris impacts. Mass extinctions, followed by a plunge in temperatures. World wide geological ash zone 15 - 35mm in depth, making barrier between Clovis and Folsom peoples in North America. [cite]
Sometime in the eleventh millennium B.C.E., a sudden natural disaster struck Tiahuanaco (Hendaye page 373)
BRITAIN: Some [people] survived the Younger Dryas in the British Isles, forming a permanent nucleus. (OB, 117 & 153)
11,000 - 10,000 - Figures and needles carved from bone, Creswell Crags, Britain. [cite]
Melian [Melos] obsidian is to be found on the Greek Mainland as early as the Upper Paleolithic period at Franchthi Cave: chipped stone industry consists of flint and chert for the most part, although a small amount of obsidian from Melos appears well before the end of the Paleolithic period (ca. 10,900 b.c.). (Franchthi Cave is unique in Greece in having an essentially unbroken series of deposits spanning the period from ca. 20,000 B.C. (and probably even earlier) down to ca. 3000 B.C.) [cite]
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MIDEAST (continued)
12,000 (prior to) - The whole of the northern littoral of the Mediterranean Sea appears to have been occupied by herb dominated steppe. The only area where evergreen oak, pistachio, olive and wild wheat's and barley's survived together, was Southern Lebanon, Palestine and Jordan. A key glacial refuge for important plants. [cite]
11,500-10,550 granaries Jordan - Dhra' near the Dead Sea -
predate farming by 1,000 years [cite]
Tectonic uplift and great floods causing Lake Victoria to discharge into the Nile. This led to a massive extension of the high level lakes and a surplus of water into the semi arid Sahel, and the Sahara region. [cite]
11th millennium BCE - Fekri Hassan of University College, London:
Nile: extremely high floods (Gods of Eden p 219 & 265)
10,909 - Astronomy: Galactic Center was at its northern culmination
(The Origin Map)
10,500 - Giza Plateau oriented to Orion's belt three stars
(Origin Map xvii: Bauval)
MIDDLE EAST (continuing):
12,500–10,800 BC
Early Natufians settled in the woodland belt where oak and pistachio were prevailing species. The underbrush of this open woodland was grass with high frequencies of grain. The high mountains of Lebanon and the Anti-Lebanon, the steppe areas of the Negev desert in Israel and Sinai, and the Syro-Arabian desert.
Houses are semi-subterranean, often with a dry-stone foundation, superstructure probably of brushwood. [cite]
Largest communities found: Jericho, Ain Mallaha, and Wadi Hammeh 27. Hunter-gatherers; located settlements at the boundaries between coastal plains and hill country. Buried their dead in cemeteries, with grave goods including stone bowls and dentalium shell. [cite]
11,000 - Wild rye seeds selected and propagated
for cultivation at Abu Hureyra on the Euphrates in Syria. [cite]
Late Natufian (10,800–9,500 BC). Most likely occurred in tandem with the Younger Dryas.
vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
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DID THE NEOLITHIC ACTUALLY START IN SOUTHEAST ASIA?
In subtropical and temperate areas (i.e. Southeast Asia), the climate remained temperate-to-warm throughout the Ice Ages.
There are two notable absentee regions to that first Eurasian flowering of agricultural skills - the east coast of Asia and Southeast Asia. There is fragmentary evidence of a Neolithic lifestyle in East Asia,
with a wide range of tools such as choppers, scrapers, awls and grind
ing stones, as well as pots, hearths and kitchen waste going back to a
much earlier period. Tends to be
scattered in inland caves. Almost total absence of open
Neolithic sites in lowland areas dating from 10,000 to 5000 BC. /
As Peter Bellwood has pointed out the prime
'home' sites for the culture of rice - where, climatically, the least
manipulation is required to grow it - are in tropical Indo-China down
to the Malay border, Burma, Bangladesh and the extreme south coast
of China. (Oppenheimer)
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Southeast Asia was the cradle of plant and animal domestication.
People had easy access to fish, so they could settle in one place.
Bananas/plantains are native from Behar north to the Himalayas and Malaya.
The ginger family, including turmeric.
Aroids, especially taro.
Yam - east side of Bay of Bengal and Indochina.
Palms (sago palm, pandans, bamboos, sugar cane) - India & Indochina
Dicotyledon shrubs, vines, trees - leguminous derris cultivated for fish poison (perhaps the original way fish were caught)
and insecticide, breadfruits, citrus, persimmon. They cultivated mostly carbohydrates for starch and sugar. Protein, fats and oils came from fish.
Southeast Asia domesticated animals of the household - dog, pig, fowl, duck, and goose.
(Southwest Asia domesticated herd animals.)
(Seeds, Spades, Hearths, and Herds - Carl O. Sauer 1972)
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Was obsidian-trading already going on in Southeast Asia, possibly even extending to the Mediterranean??? |
9,400 Younger Dryas ENDED within a decade - https://www.cambridgedna.com/genealogy-dna-ancient-migrations-slideshow.php
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10,500 - 8000 reoccupation of North America, from east & west coasts into central Canada & arctic
10,500 - pottery appeared for the first time in southern Japan (Oppenheimer)
(10,500-9500) marshes at Monte Verde, southern Chile (Met Museum)
vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv Continued development in Mideast vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
(10,000–8200) Eynan/Ain Mallaha, northern Israel - Natufian villages (Met Museum)
Natufians lived in caves & open air settlements along the eastern Mediterranean coast, 10,000-8,000 B.C. Harvested and stored wild wheat and barley. Numbers of mortars and stones for grinding grains and seeds, and many toothed sickle blades of flint. Also tools made of bone: awls, needles, spatulae, reaping knives, fishhooks, and harpoons. Animal sculptures of bone represent a continuity of Upper Paleolithic traditions, while dentalium shells used for beads, imported from the Mediterranean and Red Seas, indicate [boats]. Hunted gazelle, deer, and pigs, and kept domesticated dogs. (Gimbutas) /
At Ain Mallaha (in Israel), Anatolian obsidian and shellfish from the Nile-valley found. The source of malachite-beads is still unknown. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufian
Earliest archaeological evidence for the domestication of the dog. At Ein Mallaha in Israel, dated to 10,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together.
At the cave of Hayonim, a man was found buried with two canids. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natufian
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10,000-9000- Asikli Höyük was built in three phases - near Askaray, southern Turkey. Grid Reference: 38.349° N. 34.23° E.
As in Catal Höyük, the houses were mud brick and entered through the roof. Large numbers of artefacts made from obsidian, as well as bone, antler and copper, with an array of blade types. Dead [also] buried beneath the floor, and one skeleton shows evidence of trepanation.
Diet of meat from both wild and domesticated animals and a variety of cultivated barley, wheat, peas and lentils.
http://www.ancient-wisdom.co.uk/turkeyashikli.htm + http://www.asiklihoyuk.org/AHeng.html
Many Upper Euphrates (Syria) cities: http://www.canew.org/uppermesop14cbox.html
Aleppo [Syria] is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world; it knew human settlement since the eleventh millennium B.C. through the residential houses that were discovered in Tell Qaramel. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo
9800 Kurdistan - Kermanshah - Sahneh (discovery announced in May 2009)
9500 Nevali Cori - Turkey - "cult center"?
(earlier than) 9500 - Göbekli Tepe, south-central Turkey - Round megalithic buildings, walls of un-worked dry stone and include numerous T-shaped monolithic roof supports of limestone, up to 3 m high, with a bigger pair of pillars in the centre of the structures. Floors of burnt lime, and low bench running along the exterior wall. Built into the hillside . . . Similar defensive structures existed at Jerf al Ahmar [Syria, 9500- ] and Nevali Cori [8000- ]. No traces of domesticated plants or animals . . . were hunter gatherers. http://www.goldenageproject.org.uk/chronology.html [dates at 9000]
RAVE: http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2008/apr/23/archaeology.turkey
Jerf al Ahmar is situated on the left bank of the Middle Euphrates in Syria. Occupation from end of the tenth millennium to the beginning of the ninth millennium (BC cal.) and corresponds with the beginnings of agriculture. http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france-priorities_1/archaeology_2200/archaeology-notebooks_2202/ancient-east_2224/syria-jerf-el-ahmar_2230/index.html
Southwest Asian Neolithic Founder crops:
The first possible domesticated forms of
these cereals date from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (ca. 9500 BC) in adjacent regions of
Southwest Asia (e.g. Tell Aswad, Iraq ed-Dubb; with cereal finds of uncertain status from
Cayonu, Qermez Dere and M’lefaat).
The beginnings of the cultivation of these crops, especially wheats and barley can
now be placed in the Late Pleistocene, when the cultivation of morphologically wild forms
of these plants is evident from Late Natufian sites of the northern Levant (Fig. 8), i.e. Middle
Euphrates River Valley, Syria, after ca. 11,000 BC and certainly prior to ca. 9000 BC
Agricultural Origins and Frontiers in South Asia:
A Working Synthesis - Dorian Q. Fuller (2006)
Cyprus: The first undisputed settlement occurred in the 9th (or perhaps 10th) millennium BC from the Levant.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cyprus
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SUMMARY: Last Mini-Ice Age, followed by Proto-Neolithic in Mideast.
Was the Proto-Neolithic meanwhile developing in Southeast Asia?
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Withdrawal from Europe to Mediterranean refuges
?=? Natufians?
Meanwhile, the Neolithic started in Southeast Asia? [see below]
15,000 - 10,000 Blood Type B develops in Himalayan highlands (Asia). First appeared in India or the Urals among a mix of Caucasion and Mongolian tribes. Moved on to Eastern Europe, northern and southern China, India.
10,900 -
GREECE obsidian use
CYCLADES starts
10,000- Holocene geological epoch. It has been identified with the current warm period, known as MIS 1, and can be considered an interglacial in the current ice age.
10,000-8200
Natufian
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obsidian use & trade
10,000-9000
Asikli Hoyuk
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Barley cultivated in Mideast (first?)
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Was Cyprus settled as part of obsidian trading? |