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9594 or 9367 - Cancer became the constellation that rose in the east just before the sun (rose heliacally) on March 21
9220 - Last time Regulus rose and was visible on eastern horizon just prior to equinox sunrise:
sign that Leo had ended, and floods predicted by rain would start.
9500 - dramatic warm-up after the Younger Dryas (OB, 155) /
calendar or corrected years ago, not 10,000.
9500 - Isnan's and Qadan's technological skills replaced by cruder: agriculture disappears from Egypt (Gods of Eden)
9500 - 8500 -
The first farming communities (Pre-pottery Neolithic A) appeared in the warm conditions which marked the beginning of the postglacial period, and increased quantities of obsidian (both from Cappadocian and Bingöl sources) came into circulation. Although each source dominated in it own area (Cappadocian in the west and Bingöl in the east), some Bingöl obsidian reached the middle Euphrates and some traveled further down the Levant.
http://www.archatlas.dept.shef.ac.uk/ObsidianRoutes/ObsidianRoutes.php
9500 - Shanidar Cave in Iraqi Kurdistan, above Greater Zab river, 325 miles ENE of Abu Hureyra (N Syria) - copper pendant (then no more metalwork found until 7200) [Quest for the Past: flowers in graves]
Copper pendant, northern Iraq, dates to 8700 BC. http://www.copper.co.za/education/history.htm
VERY EARLIEST NEOLITHIC IN MIDDLE EAST:
9700 - 8500 - Fig tree earliest domesticated plant. (June 2, 2006 Science magazine) evidence for parthenocarpic figs at the Pre Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA 8300-7300 BC) sites of Gilgal, Jericho, Netiv Hagdud and Gesher (Jordan Valley) and Mureybit (Euphrates Valley), at roughly the same time as rice domestication in Asia, but 5000 years earlier than millet or wheat or any other seed plant in the middle east. http://archaeology.about.com/od/domestications/a/fig_trees.htm
9000 - 7500 - Introduction into Cyprus of domesticated Mesopotamian fallow deer, with sheep, goats, pigs and cattle. Hunter gatherers change to farmers, at some sites such as Mureybet, in less than 100 years. http://www.goldenageproject.org.uk/chronology.html
8000 - Mureybet, on west bank of Upper Euphrates in N Syria: earliest examples of 'lightly fired clay vessels'. (Gods of Eden)
9500 - agriculture & domestic animals: Tell Abu Hureyra on Upper Euphrates in N Syria - stone pestles, rubbing stones, milling stones - wild barley, einkorn (wild) wheat, wild rye + not indigenous (Gods of Eden page 267)
[9000 - einkorn wheat harvested Syria. (Bradshaw)]
Around 9000 - sheep first domesticated in northern Mesopotamia and einkorn wheat harvested in Syria. (Oppenheimer)
late 10th millennium - Iraqi Kurdistan: Zawi Chemi: grinding stones to produce flour from wild cereal grains (Gods of Eden)
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First copper use
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MIDEAST continues development:
9000 - obsidian workshop discovered at Kaletepe at the foot of Mount Göllü in the volcanic region of Cappadocia [cite]
9000 - Jericho: The earliest settlement was located at the present-day Tell es-Sultan (or Sultan's Hill).
Construction at the site apparently began before the invention of agri-culture, with construction of stone of the Natufian culture structures beginning earlier than 9000 BCE. Includes obsidian from unknown source. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho
9000 - Sheep bred at Zawi Chemi Shanidar, Zagros region, Turkey - Archaeological Atlas of the World -Whitehouse 1975
8500 - The full impact of farming and domestic livestock came with Pre-pottery Neolithic B after 8500 BC, when farming communities expanded both to Cyprus and Cappadocia – in the latter case, no doubt drawn by the high-grade obsidian resources, which were traded around the entire middle Euphrates and Levant, and indeed over to Cyprus. Bingöl obsidian now traveled east as far as the middle Zagros. [cite]
8500 -
Advance of woodland vegetation in Eastern Turkey and Western Iran, not completed until 3,500 BC. [cite]
8300 -
Occupation of Tell Qarqur on the Orontes river at the northern edge of the Ghab Valley in NW Syria. [cite]
8200 - end of Natufian (see above) |
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EGYPT & AFRICA:
9400 Mali ceramic - Africa's earliest
9220 - 3150 - no major building con-struction in Egypt (none discovered yet)
Nabta Playa, (Sahara), southwestern Egypt, is a large, internally drained basin, which during the early Holocene (ca. 9,000 - 3500) was a large and important ceremonial center. Megalithic structures. http://www.comp-archaeology.org/WendorfSAA98.html
INDIA:
(9000–3000) Pachmari Hills, central India - cave paintings
India: At the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka humans lived throughout the Upper Paleolithic (10th to 8th millennia BC), revealing cave paintings dating to ca. 7000 BC; the Sivaliks and the Potwar (Pakistan) region also exhibit many vertebrate fossil remains and paleolithic tools. Chert, jasper and quartzite were often used by humans during this period. [cite]
A new 2009 report by archaeologist Rakesh Tewari on Lahuradewa shows new C14 datings that range between 8000 BCE and 9000 BCE associated with rice, making Lahuradewa the earliest Neolithic site in entire South Asia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic
AFRICA:
8200 -
Sudden drought leading to the rapid drying up of many of Africa's lakes, leaving layers of dead fish in the sediments. [cite]
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ASIA continues development:
The first Austronesian speakers are believed to have originated on the island of Taiwan following the migration of a group, or groups, of Pre-Austronesian speaking peoples from continental Asia approximately 10,000-6000 B.C. Due to a lengthy split from these populations, the Proto-Austronesian language and cultures emerged on Taiwan. (Blust,1988)
[cite]
9000 - evidence of pots being made in China and Indo-China
9000 - 8000 - squash on the tropical coast of Ecuador / rice along the marshy banks of the Yangtze in China. [cite]
AMERICAS:
9500 - from Alaska > Inuit, Aleut, Na-Dene speakers
(9000–8000) Fell's Cave, far southern Chile
9000 - 8000 Folsom points
(ca. 9500–3000) Blackwater Draw, New Mexico: projectile points (Clovis & Folsom)
9000 - 7000 first evidence of boats, as waters are receding (says Dennis Stanford re Clovis-Solutrean arrowheads - History Channel: Journey to 10,000 BCE (2008)) |
America: glaciers reached their maximum extent 13,000 and had almost completely melted by 8,000. It was during this glacial advance that a finger from the glacial ice sheet moved south through the Purcell Trench in northern Idaho, near present day Lake Pend Oreille, damming the Clark Fork River creating Glacial Lake Missoula.
Glacial Lake Missoula, which existed on and off during the last ice age. The lake formed in the valleys of western Montana when glaciers cut off valley's exit, causing water to pile up behind them. Eventually, the lake reached depths of over 2,000 feet before the combination of pressure, melting, and the buoyancy of ice caused the glacial dam to fail. At that point, the lake emptied at a rate of about 10 cubic miles an hour, taking much of the topsoil of eastern Washington into the Pacific with it and leaving scars visible to this day. http://arstechnica.com/science/news/2006/03/3154.ars + http://www.glaciallakemissoula.org/story.html
8000 - (both) "Würm and Wisconsin glaciation ended" - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation
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8000 - Edakkal, Wayanad district of Kerala, India. Three pre-historic caves (Edakkal Caves) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edakkal
8000 BC (before) Yuchanyan Site, China - Site in the period between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic. Daoxian County, Hunan Province - early pottery and cultivated rice. http://www.chinaculture.org/cnstatic/doc/exhibition/20e.doc
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FULL NEOLITHIC IN MIDDLE EAST AND ANATOLIA:
By 8000 - cereals were fully domesticated in the eastern Mediterranean
area, and the Natufian culture was followed in the east Mediterranean and
Anatolia by Pre-Pottery Neolithic (food-producing culture without pottery). (Gimbutas)
8000 - fully domesticated barley wheat, pulses Jericho (Jordan, NW of Dead Sea)
8000 - Nevali Cori (now under south-central Turkey reservoir) - Cereals cultivated and animals domesticated.
Nevali Çori: copper: looks more smelted than worked, like in Tell Ramad, Magzalia and other sites.http://www.canew.org/debhauptmannbox.html
8000 maize may have been domesticated in Mexico - http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080627163156.htm
8000 - Sagalassos, southwestern Turkey, earliest settlement - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagalassos
8,000 - carvings - pictograms, uncovered at Jerf el Ahmar, Syria, on the left bank of the Euphrates River. Four of them appear to be some sort of tool with a large groove on one side and combinations of lines, arrows and animal outlines carved on the other side.
Two smaller flat oval-shaped rocks are engraved on both sides. One depicts a large insect connected to an owl-like figure with circles as eyes; its other side is covered with 34 crescent shapes bearing dots. The second flat stone bears arrows, zigzags, and other shapes on one side and a grid and snake on the other. [First writing?] (New Scientist, December 1996)
Given its antiquity, attractive landscapes and rich culture, Kermanshah is considered as one of the cradles of prehistoric cultures such as Neolithic villages.onsidered as one of the cradles of prehistoric cultures such as Neolithic villages. According to archaeological surveys and excavation, Kermanshah area has been occupied by prehistoric people since the Lower Paleolithic period, and continued to later Paleolithic periods till late Pleistocene period. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermanshah
Early eighth millennium BC - Ganj Dara, near Kermanshah in Iranian Kurdistan, fired pottery and tiny clay figurines, far in advance of the stone, wood, plaster and basketry work typical of this period. (Gods of Eden, 28)
eighth millennium BC - foothills of Kurdistan: clay tokens for trading. Became smaller and more complex. (Gods of Eden)
8,000 -
"First animal domesticated"[not] (in Mideast at least - not): goats
Zagros Mountains that run through western Iran and northeastern Iraq - http://www.mnh.si.edu/highlight/goats/
two distinct places of domestication: the Euphrates river valley at Nevali Çori, Turkey (11,000 bp), and the Zagros Mountains of Iran at Ganj Dareh (10,000). http://archaeology.about.com/od/domestications/qt/goats.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat
"The sequence at Diaotonghuan . . . spans the later Pleistocene into the early Neolithic period. This cavern overlooks a small, swampy basin (Zhao 1998). The excavators have identified 16 sequential zones of occupation, and recovered samples of rice phytoliths, the hard silica bodies found in the rice plant. . . . rice was again abundantly represented during zone E, 8000-6000 BC. . . . (Genetic Linguistic Archaeological Perspectives on Human Diversity in Southeast Asia -
Li Jin, Mark Seielstad, Chunjie Xiao 2002 (page 7) - C. F. W. Higham)
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8500 - 6000 Azilian [late Paleolithic] (Gimbutas, 331)
9500 - climate warms: floods 2 start (increase of to 60 meters below present over the next 3000 years - OB, 158) > 6500
8000 - 5000 absence of open Neolithic low sites in East Asia [perhaps now underwater??]
8000 - 5000 absence of Paleolithic sites in Egypt - http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/paleo/mappal4.html (& next map)
8000 - 4500 Egypt Nile, eastern Sahara green savannah (rains) = period when Giza Sphinx could get rain markings
7500 - 6000 river deltas formed >>> agriculture success
7500 separation of Ireland from Europe
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Maglemosian (ca. 9500 BCE–6000 BCE) is the name given to a culture of the early Epipaleolithic period in Northern Europe. In Scandinavia, the culture is succeeded by the Kongemose culture. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglemosian_culture
See: Gimbutas: Language of the Goddess, 335
Sea levels in northern Europe did not reach current levels until almost 6,000 BCE by which time they had inundated some territories inhabited by Maglemosian people.
8000 - Recolonisation of Scandinavia [& Britain - too early]
Sand, on the Inner Sound coast of the Applecross Peninsula in Western Scotland. A small number of shell middens were known as rare traces of Mesolithic settlement when a rock shelter and shell midden at Sand, Applecross on the coast of Wester Ross, Scotland was selected for detailed excavation. Around 7500 BC the first users of the rock shelter had worked antler and stone to make tools. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand%2C_Applecross
7600 Paris - http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/dig-shows-paris-is-3000-years-older-than-first-thought-854341.html
9,500-Year-Old City Found Underwater Off India / Discovery in Bay of Cambay Will Force Western Archaeologists to Rewrite History - http://www.sullivan-county.com/id3/9500_city.htm (Discovered 2001)
7500 - 7000 During the Late PPNB the first pieces of Cappadocian obsidian appeared on the north-Levantine coast, and at the same time greater exchanges between the eastern and western wings of the northern Fertile Crescent were mediated through sites like Bouqras on the Euphrates, sustained by its trading links in both directions. In many parts of the region the traffic was handled by major sites such as Çatalhöyük, Tell Abu Hureyra, Beisamoun, Ain Ghazal and Tell Basta. http://www.archatlas.dept.shef.ac.uk/ObsidianRoutes/ObsidianRoutes.php
7500 - 7000 - First stone beads: extremely long PERFORATED beads of hard agate, carnelian, quartz, i.e.
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Abu Hureyra (agate beads to 5.5 cm) (N Syria)
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Ashikli Hoyuk, near Aksaray in S Turkey (burgundy agate necklace of 10 oval and butterfly wing-shaped beads (2.5 to 5.5 cm).
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SUMMARY: Neolithic spread from Middle East to Anatolia. Europe is still mostly empty.
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| OBSIDIAN TRADING |
Kaletepe, Turkey obsidian
JERICHO obsidian
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Were there cities in India, in the later-flooded Cambay Bay?
(see below)
Fully domesticated barley
Second copper
8000 - Jerf el Ahmar on the Upper Euphrates of N Syria: earliest writing: on flat, oval-shaped stones: lines, arrows, animals. (Gods of Eden)
8000 - 6000 giraffe petroglyphs in Niger. Dabous carving (Sahara).
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First return to Europe after LGM -
to Scandinavia!
(Did they come up river from the Mideast?)
mtDNA N > I, W
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