| ++++++++++ Converted to BCE ++++++++++ | ||||||
| LAST TURN AWAY FROM GALACTIC CENTER: ARIES AGE - Mayan Day 1 and Night 1. | ||||||
| ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Mayan Sacred Calendar: National Underworld: Heaven 1: Day 1: Sowing - August 11, 3114 - 2721 (START) The Beginning of History 3114 or 2887 - Aries became the constellation that rose in the east just before the sun (rose heliacally) on March 21 3100 - alpha Draconis was the pole star - Great Pyramid is oriented to it July 19 and 20 - Babylonia: The lament over Adonis-Tammuz took place in the night between. July 20 marked the opening of the Egyptian year and the heliacal rising of Sirius for 3000 years. During the whole 3000-year history of Egypt Sirius rose every fourth year on July 20 of the Julian calendar. 3100 - Menes, first Pharoah, united Upper and Lower Kingdoms of Egypt [starts the king list] During excavations at Tel Ibrahim Awad in the eastern Nile Delta, Dutch archaeologists discovered a large Middle Kingdom temple. Beneath this building, which dates from around 2000 BC, there were traces of five earlier temples, the earliest dating back to around 3100 BC. This is at least as old as the oldest temple previously discovered, namely at Hierakonpolis. ScienceDaily (Jan. 21, 2000) — http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/01/000121071009.htm 3000 - "Egypt king-list chronology begins" 2975 - Pharaoh Djoser's pyramid, carbon-14 date = oldest pyramid in Egypt [Calleman 22] 2900 - Sumerian Dynastic period begins. [Ur major trading center] > until the rise of Babylon in the early 2nd millennium BC.) (Wikipedia) 3100 - Ulu Leang in Sulawesi - agriculture 3100 - Sumer: end of Uruk period - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk_period late 4th millennium Uruk IV (Sumer) - predecessors of cuneiform - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_script = writing 3000 - Cuneiform writing created by the Sumerians - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_script (Romania Tartaria Vinca writing [of 6000 BC] - Some of the signs incised on the Tartaria tablets proved to be almost identical with Sumerian ones of the period around 3000 B.C. The Tartaria tablets also looked much like the written records produced in Crete ca 2000 B.C., when the earliest archives uncovered at Knossos were established.) (Scientific American - May 1968) 3100 "Bronze at Sumer Uruk" - Wikipedia /The earliest known tin bronzes [in Middle East] are from what is now Iran and Iraq and date to the late 4th millennium BC. / In Mesopotamia, the Bronze Age begins in the late Uruk period, spanning the Early Dynastic period of Sumer, the Akkadian Empire, the Old Babylonian and Old Assyrian periods and the period of Kassite hegemony. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age 3000 - Gilgal Refaim - stone circle and ancient megalithic monument in the Golan Heights in the middle of a large plateau covered with hundreds of dolmens. Nearby is an ancient settlement dating from the Early Bronze Age. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgal_Refaim 3000 - plains of Iraq: clay tokens replaced by sequences of markings inscribed on clay cases. Shortly afterwards, first baked clay tablets bearing ideograms. "Intermediary between palaeolithic cave art and more modern forms of writing" 3000 - Byblos trading with Crete and Egypt (Gods of Eden [William Ward, Ancient Lebanon, 1969]) 3000 Cyprus - jewelry workshop The name Cyprus: Dossin suggests that it has roots to the Sumerian word for copper or even the word for bronze due to the large deposits of copper ore found on the island. Through overseas trade, the island has already given its name to the Classical Latin word for the metal, which appears in the phrase aes Cyprium, "metal of Cyprus", later shortened to Cuprum. [site] 3000 - 2800 - the trade routes brought Byblos ebony from the Sudan, lapis-lazuli from Bactria, copper from Cyprus and the Caucasus. http://thomo.coldie.net/history/byblos Spain: copper was being extracted early as 3000 BC (OB, 103) 3000- Britain - Bronze Age mining 3000 - Denmark and the North European Plain area: move from communal to individual graves, and males began to be buried with stone axes perforated to take a haft, and distinctive one-litre drinking beakers often decorated with impressions from twisted cord. = Corded Ware/Battle Axe Culture. Later spread extensively across Europe and also to Britain. The use of cord decoration was well known among eastern communities extending to the steppes, while the stone battle axes were evidently copied from metal forms already well established among the copper-using communities of south-eastern Europe. It is now generally accepted that the development is likely to have been largely indigenous, growing out of contacts between the local farming groups of the TRB (Funnel-necked Beaker) culture, the metal-using communities of the south, and pastoralists on the Pontic steppes where the domestication of the horse had taken place. (OB, 260) [thought to be Indo-European] 3000 - Jomon pottery manufactured that was found in Vanuatu (Melanesia) 3000 diamond polishing China - http://www.livescience.com/imageoftheday/siod_050420.html 3000 rice Southeast Asia to China 3000 Caves of mystery at Huashan China - http://app1.chinadaily.com.cn/star/2003/0109/tr17-1.html - 30 degrees N latitude |
BEGINNING OF HISTORY 3100/3000 Sumer - cuneiform Bronze at Sumer (second) + high level of metal art Megalith: Mideast 3000 - Iraq: signs Except Sumerian word for copper is urudu. [Not really IE either; tho maybe in contact.] (SE Asia Austronesian expansion continues) |
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| M A Y A N D A Y |
Third millennium: 3000 - ? The Aegean Bronze Age begins around 3000 BC when civilizations Syria: Foundation of the city of Mari (29th century BC). Semitic tribes occupy Assyria in northern part of the plain of Shinar and Akkad [Assyria??? must mean that area] Phoenicians settle on Syrian coast, with centers at Tyre and Sidon http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC South India Neolithic 3000 -1400. Characterized by Ashmounds since 2500 BC in Karnataka region, expanded later to Tamil Nadu. Comparative excavations carried out in Adichanallur in Thirunelveli District and in Northern India have provided evidence of a southward migration of the Megalithic culture[7] Early Harappan/Mature Harappan Transition 2800-2700 BC (Kumal, Nausharo, Kot Diji) http://archaeology.about.com/od/iterms/qt/indus.htm 2850 - Rabel cave in Luzon, Philippines - agriculture 2850 - 1550 SE Asia second cultural phase - soft geometric pottery Presence of domestic horses in the Afanasievo culture of southern Siberia by the third millennium (Mallory, 162) It is in the Gorgan region that the domestic horse first appears in the Near East about 3000-2250 BC. (Mallory) Vučedol culture - 3000 - 2200 BC, centered in eastern Slavonia on the right bank of the Danube river, but possibly spreading throughout the Pannonian plain. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vučedol_culture (Copper Age) 2800 - Egyptian boat parts found in manmade caves at Wadi Gawasis, on the edge of the Egyptian desert (2006 discovery) have been used as the model to reconstruct a sea-going Egyptian boat. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/pharaoh/ "The Egyptians sailed to Punt—at least 800 to 1000 miles from Gawasis—before 2500 BCE, and it is likely that they had done so for perhaps a thousand years earlier, if the Hierakonpolis frankincense pajamas indicate the use of the trade route." http://mailer.fsu.edu/~cward/Building%20Min.htm 2800 - the Maritime Bell Beaker form began to evolve in Portugal (Cunliffe) (OB, 268) - spread by maritime trade along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts and also to the western (but not eastern) British Isles (OB, 266, figure 5.12b) (to 1500? - B. Fell) 2800 - Stonehenge: construction 2800-2500 - The Early Helladic is marked by the arrival in Greece of an agricultural population that probably did not speak an IE language, whose culture probably soon diverged from its origins in the Cyclades. Very little is known of this society except that the basic techniques of bronze-working were first developed in Anatolia, and cultural contacts with Western Anatolia were maintained. Their arrival coincides with the beginning of the Bronze Age in Greece. The Early Helladic period corresponds in time to the Old Kingdom in Egypt. Important Early Helladic sites are clustered on the Aegean shores of the mainland in Boeotia and Argolid (Lerna, Pefkakia, Thebes, Tiryns) or coastal islands such as Aegina (Kolonna) and Euboea (Lefkandi, Manika) and are marked by pottery showing Western Anatolian influences and the introduction of the fast-spinning version of the potter's wheel. The large "longhouse" called a megaron is introduced in EH II. The infiltration of Anatolian cultural models was not accompanied by widespread site destruction. No similar Early Helladic material has yet been positively identified in the interior of the Peloponnesus. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helladic_period - [see megaron in Africa in ?WG?] Early Helladic I 2800-2500 ---- Early Helladic II 2500-2300 ---- Early Helladic III 2300-2100 2800-1060 Helladic period - Wikipedia 2700 Start of Minoan civilization on Crete (to 1450) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_civilization Crete’s fabled Minoan civilization was built by people from Anatolia, according to a new study: The DNA analysis indicates that the arrival of neolithic man in Greece from Anatolia coincided with the social and cultural upsurge that led to the birth of the Minoan civilization. http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_2_03/04/2008_95079 ----- The Cretan HLA gene profile has been compared with those of other Mediterranean populations in order to provide additional information regarding the history of their origins. Our results indicate that the Indoeuropean Greeks may be considered as a Mediterranean population of a more recent origin (after 2000 B.C.), while all other studied Mediterraneans (including Cretans) belong to an older substratum which was present in the area since pre-Neolithic times. A significant Turkish gene flow has not been detected in the Greek or Cretan populations, although Greeks and Turks have two high frequency HLA-DRB-DQB haplotypes in common. It is proposed that Imazighen (Caucasoid Berbers living at present in the North African coast and Saharan areas) are the remains of pre-Neolithic Saharan populations which could emigrate northwards between about 8000–6000 B.C., when desert desiccation began. They also could be part of the stock that gave rise to Sumerians, Cretans and Iberians . . . http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119056830/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 (1998 study) Specimens, dated to the first (2920-2770 B.C.E.) and second (2770-2650 B.C.E.) dynasties, have been found that are made from diorite, schist, alabaster, volcanic rock, serpentine, steatite, breccia, marble, limestone, mottled black-and-white porphyritic rock, purple porphyry, red jasper, obsidian quartz, dolomite, rock crystal, and basalt. Even with our modern industrial knowledge, we have yet to reproduce such items with the techniques or machinery they employed. Furthermore, stoneware such as this has not been found from any later era in Egyptian history. - Before The Pharaohs - Edward F. Malkowski 2006 2782 - start of Egyptian Sothic year cycle - The Sothic cycle or Canicular period is a period of 1461 ancient Egyptian years (of 365 days each) or 1460 Julian years (averaging 365.25 days each). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sothic_cycle According to Roman writer Censorinus, the Egyptian New Year's Day fell on July 20 in the Julian Calendar in 139 AD, which was a heliacal rising of Sirius in Egypt. From this it is possible to calculate that the previous occasion on which this occurred was 1322 BC, and the one before that was 2782 BC. This latter date has been postulated as the time when the calendar was invented, but Djer's reign preceded that date. Other historians push it back another whole cycle, to 4242 BC. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_calendar 2750 Legendary Gilgamesh rules Uruk, Enmebaragesi & Agga rule Kish - http://history-world.org/timeline.htm |
[Sumer, Egypt, Phoenicia continue; Harappa starts]
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| ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Mayan Sacred Calendar: National Underworld: Heaven 2: Night 1: Inner Assimilation - 2721 - 2326 ---------------------------------- W R I T T E N H I S T O R Y B E G I N S ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2700 - Iron Smelting at KenanTepe, Eastern Turkey. http://www.goldenageproject.org.uk/chronology.html 2700 - 1450 Minoan culture - Bronze Age - arose on Crete - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_civilization 2700 - Elam - Wikipedia (north & east of Sumer) (Iran) 2700 - Sumerian historic record opens; syllabic writing started to develop from the early pictograms. "There was a complete set of uniliteral glyphs from at least 2700 BCE — that is, the hieroglyphic script contained an alphabetic subsystem within it." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age_alphabets#Origin_of_the_alphabet 2700 - Egyptian hieroglyphic script was a complete set of uniliteral glyphs = writing 2700 - Egypt metals (Diop) 2700 - 2137 Egypt: Old Kingdom Egypt became a major gold-producer during the Old Kingdom and remained so in the next 1,500 years, with interruptions when the kingdom broke down.[9] During the New Kingdom, the production of gold steadily increased, and mining became more intensive as new fields were developed.[9] British historian Paul Johnson says that it was gold rather than military power which sustained the Egyptian empire and made it the world power throughout the third quarter of the second millennium BCE - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Egypt 2670 - 2570 3rd Dynasty Pharaohs began dispatching mining expeditions to Serabit el-Khadim in Sinai for turquoise. Silbury Hill, Britain, built in three stages, the first beginning in about 2660 B.C. - Voyages of the Pyramid Builders (Schoch) 2650 - Pharaoh Djoser step pyramid - Egypt The first notable pharaoh of the Old Kingdom was Djoser (2630–2611 BC) of the Third Dynasty, who ordered the construction of a pyramid (the Step Pyramid) in Memphis' necropolis, Saqqara. It was in this era that formerly independent ancient Egyptian states became known as nomes, ruled solely by the pharaoh. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt Within five hundred years or so after the abandonment of the Nabta Playa region by the people who erected the megaliths, the Sakkara step pyramid was built (approximately 2650 B.C.E.). - Before The Pharaohs - Edward F. Malkowski 2006 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- WORLD EXPLORATION BY BOAT: c. 2600 BC—Founding of the Chalcolithic Iberian civilizations of Los Millares and Zambujal - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC Tarxien (Malta), Los Millares (SE Spain) (NG 3100) / Barry Fell (America B.C.): 2500-2000 ? MEGALITHS IN THE TROPIC OF CANCER, especially at 30 degrees N latitude (Giza Egypt? Raiatea? Necker Island, Hawaii? Borneo?) (Also on 30-32 N latitude: Ur, Eridu + Larsa, Uruk, Lagash, Nippur, Kish) 3500-2500 First accidental transatlantic drift-voyages by Iberians and Libyans - Barry Fell (America B.C.) Sometime before 3500 B.C., something happened in Norte Chico in Peru. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/11/211_28298.html The oldest pyramids were built between 3500 and 2700 B.C. in South America. They are the six pyramids of Aspero, Peru. http://www.ehow.com/about_4570228_biggest-pyramid-world.html 3200 - Discovery of America, recorded at Stonehenge, England, Britain (SunGod) 2600 - Discovery of America via the Bering Sea, recorded at the petroglyphs of Dissignac, Brittany (SunGod) Phoenician style huts in: Tibet, Tupas on Easter Island, Chulpas in Peru. [site] Ancient reed craft [boats] are traditional to Indus Valley, Egypt, Phoenicia, Sumer, and Lake Titicaca (Bolivia) (Heyerdahl) 2627 - Peru: Caral - pyramids - earliest civilization in South America [megalith] 2600 - Peru: Caral pyramids: cotton > fishing nets traded from the coast Copper tools start being made around North American Great Lakes [Quest for the Past, 1984] The Old Copper Complex, located in present day Michigan and Wisconsin in the USA used copper for tools, weapons and other implements. 4000 to 1000 BC, so some of the oldest Chalcolithic sites in the world. [T.C. Pleger (2000) The Old Copper Complex of the Western Great Lakes] - [4000 is too early. 2000-1000?] Mature Harappan 2700-1900 BC (Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Shortgua, Lothal) - http://archaeology.about.com/od/iterms/qt/indus.htm 2600 - The two greatest Indus Valley cities, Mohenjo-Daro and Harrappa, emerged. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harapa 2600 - various sites in the Indus Valley: able to perforate hard stones: harder tip drills?? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2596 - 2525 Pyramid Texts inscribed on the tomb walls of the Fifth- and Sixth-Dynasty pyramids at Saqqara. 2550 - 2525 - Khafre: Sphinx head remodeled into a Pharaoh (Gods of Eden) - The Egyptians were practicing cire perdue from the mid 3rd millennium BC. = ca 2500 [= Egypt is later!] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_wax "At its peak, the Indus Valley civilization rivaled, and in some respects surpassed, the contemporary civilization of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Centered on its two great cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa . . ., its territories extended from the mouth of the Indus a thousand miles northeast to the upper part of the Ganges river system, and from the Gulf of Cambay nearly five hundred miles west along the shores of the Arabian Sea. . . . larger than Egypt and Mesopotamia put together, . . . from before 2500 to around 1700 B.C. "The people raised wheat, barley, peas, melons, and sesame, and were perhaps the first in the world to plant cotton; their domestic animals included cattle - both the humped, zebu type found in India today, and western-looking, straight-backed breeds - the buffalo, and, perhaps, the elephant . . . traded . . . Their cities included enormous granaries of mud-brick (adobe) faced with baked brick, great "baths" . . . . and the world's first sewage systems. At Lothal, at the head of the Gulf of Cambay, they built another remarkable and unique structure: an artificial basin for shipping, some 710 feet long by 120 feet wide."" [Mysteries of the Past, 1977, near page 240] |
[Sumer, Egypt, Phoenicia, Harappa continue]
First ever iron use?
3000-2000 Australia, America Bering & Atlantic, Bermuda found - SunGod = use of boats |
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| M A Y A N N I G H T |
D R O U G H T v v v v v |
2500 BC — Sahara becomes fully desiccated. Desiccation had been proceeding from 6000 BCE, as a result of the shift in the West African tropical monsoon belt southwards from the Sahel. Subsequent rates of evaporation in the region led to a drying of the Sahara, as shown by the drop in water levels in Lake Chad. Tehenu of the Sahara attempt to enter into Egypt, and there is evidence of a Nile drought in the pyramid of Unas. 4000 - 2000 - Climatic desiccation creates the modern Sahara, Arabian and Thar (Indus area) deserts. People move into the Nile Valley from the early settlements west of the Nile. Mesopotamia dries out, with monsoon rains moving south. Pressures on successful farming and by increasing populations, lead to major social unrest, and forced migrations to more favorable areas. [site] 3000 - eastern Sahara desiccation (Gods of Eden page 219) Major migration of Central Saharans into West Africa possibly due to climate change starting in 4th millennium BC. [site] ---------------------------------- 2525 - 525 almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years. Sumerian cities were surrounded by defensive walls. The Sumerians engaged in siege warfare - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer [connection with?:] third millennium BCE - appearance of Hurrians in Kurdistan, kingdom lasted over 1000 years. 2500 - Hurrians (also Khurrites) - N Mesopotamia and areas to the immediate east and west - agglutinative language - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrian /// "The Hurrian language appears to be related to Uratrian, an ancient language of the Caucasus region, and it might have interacted with Elamite, which had extended into the Turkmenistan area. . . . (Urdu/Hindi: an artificial divide : African heritage, Mesopotamian roots ... By Abdul Jamil Khan - Google Books) Hurrian data found by the Mozan/Urkesh excavations . . . for the first time the use of horses in a palace economy and everyday life . . . . (also in connection with the more advanced type of chariot - http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/pies/pdfs/IESV/1/VVI_Horse.pdf Comparative Notes on Hurro-Urartian, Northern Caucasian and Indo-European - Vyacheslav V. Ivanov The Hurrians had a reputation in metallurgy. The Sumerians borrowed their copper terminology from the Hurrian vocabulary. Copper was traded south to Mesopotamia from the highlands of Anatolia. The Khabur River Valley had a central position in the metal trade, and copper, silver and even tin were accessible from the Hurrian-dominated countries Kizzuwatna and Ishuwa situated in the Anatolian highland. Gold was in short supply, and the Amarna letters inform us that it was acquired from Egypt. / The Hurrian gods do not appear to have had particular "home temples" - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrians ca. 2500 - 2000/1700 - The Hattians - central and southeastern parts of Anatolia, Turkey. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattians Earliest Trojan culture - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC ---------------------------------- By the time Sneferu's son, Khufu (2551 to 2528 B.C.), Egyptian builders had figured out that the greatest possible angle of elevation from the horizontal for a pyramid is approximate ly 52 degrees. They used this angle in erecting the Great Pyramid of Khufu at Giza - Voyages of the Pyramid Builders (Schoch) 2500 Orion pattern to Giza = lowest point of Orion Egypt: The Fifth Dynasty began with Userkaf (2465–2458 BC), who initiated reforms that weakened the Pharaoh and central government. Egypt's expanding interests in trade goods such as ebony, incense such as Myrrh and frankincense, gold, copper and other useful metals inspired the ancient Egyptians to build suitable ships for navigation of the open sea. They traded with Lebanon for cedar and traveled the length of the Red Sea to the Kingdom of Punt, which is modern day Ethiopia and Somalia for ebony, ivory and aromatic resins. Ship builders of that era did not use pegs (treenails) or metal fasteners, but relied on rope to keep their ships assembled. Planks and the superstructure were tightly tied and bound together. After the reigns of Userkaf and Sahure, civil wars arose as the powerful nomarchs (regional governors) no longer belonged to the royal family. The worsening civil conflict undermined unity and energetic government and also caused famines. But regional autonomy and civil wars were not the only causes of this decline. The massive building projects of the Fourth Dynasty had exceeded the capacity of the treasury and populace and, therefore, weakened the Kingdom at its roots. The final blow was a severe drought in the region that resulted in a drastic drop in precipitation between 2200 & 2150 BC, which in turn prevented the normal flooding of the Nile.[3] The result was the collapse of the Old Kingdom followed by decades of famine and strife. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt Glass beads in Egypt - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC c. 2500 BC—Excavation and development of the Hypogeum of Hal-Saflieni at Paola, Malta, a subterranean templex complex subsequently used as a necropolis. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC 2500-2150 Byblos - increase in the number and size of temples over this period, as well as an increase in the size of some of the dwellings, indicating an increase in wealth in the area. Trade with Egypt is flourishing with the export of timber, pitch, resin and wool to Egypt along with bears and olive oil. In exchange, the Phoenicians were receiving flax, rope, wheat, lentils and gold. Byblos was also a transit point for trade between Egypt, Mesopotamia and Anatolia. http://thomo.coldie.net/history/byblos 2500 Evidence of 'Fifth Ancient Civilization' Found in China Chinese and Japanese archaeologists claim they have discovered in China's southwestern province of Sichuan evidence of the fifth ancient civilization, Japan's Kyodo News reported Monday, October 28 1996. The evidence is an earthen stage, unearthed during a joint archaeology project and estimated to date back 4,500 years. It was found among the remains of an ancient castle near the banks of the Yangtze River 56 miles (90 km) southwest of the city of Chengdu. ---------------------------------- 2500 - 1500 B.C., Austronesians spread south to the rest of the Philippine islands, Celebes (modern-day Sulawesi), Borneo, the Moluccas (modern-day Maluku), and Java. [wrong: can't be AD] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_people ---------------------------------- 2400 - 1900 BC - Qijia culture - early Bronze Age culture distributed around the upper Yellow River region of western Gansu (centered in Lanzhou) and eastern Qinghai, China. Extensive domestication of horses are found at many Qijia sites. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qijia_culture ---------------------------------- 2334 - rice temper in pottery Gua Sireh cave in Sarawak (Borneo). |
------------------ SEVERE DROUGHT IN EGYPT; SALINIZATION STARTS IN SUMER vvvvvvv Golden age of Ur. (2474–2398 ) [site] Appearance of: Hurrians (connected to Sintashta-Petrovka?) & Hattians (migration from India?) SEMITIC Horse domestication appears in the East. |
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| Dilmun: The system of weights used in barter derived from the Indus Valley culture. (Michael Road, Weights on the Dilmun Standard, Iraq, vol. 44, 1982, 137-141). Spreading out from Dilmun, this system of weights became very popular and was used as far away as Ebla in Syria - http://kalyan97.blogspot.com/ [Ebla was gone by 2250, so this has to be earlier than that.] Max Mallowan, British archeologist: shell (Cypraea vitellus) from Indian Ocean found in 4000 BC Chagar Bazar, in landlocked northern Syria" (mid-1930s). "A large, organized trading network was flourishing in the area 2000 BC. One of the most important trading centers was "Ur of the Chaldees.Trade was in the hands of the alik-Dilmun, a group of seafaring merchants, who took the manufactured products of Ur, particularly cloth and readymade clothes, to a city called Dilmun (or Telmun), where they bartered them for copper, red gold, lapis lazuli, ivory and items made from it, eye paint, timber, and "fish-eyes" (pearls?) "For a long time archeologists have suspected Dilmun to be on the island of Bahrain in the Persian Gulf . . . British archeologist Geoffrey Bibby . . . . discovered the remains of an ancient port on the north coast. Among the many artifacts uncovered there were soapstone stamping seals used to register the contents of a cargo or shipment of goods. . . . an expert on classical archeology in Aarhus, in Denmark, [suggested] that these seals were identical to some found during the excavations in the 1930s at Ur."But even more remarkable was the discovery of similar seals found amid the ruins of the city of Mohejo-Daro in the Indus Valley . . . "Trade records found at Ur mention two places, Magan and Meluhha . . . It is thought that Magan was on the north shore of the Persian Gulf, in present-day Iran, and that Meluhha, from where Ur received its shells and ivory, is farther away on the coast of the Indian Ocean in the Indus Valley. . . . Five small stone weights, made of polished chert, a flint-like quartz, found in Dilmun were identical in type and weight to those known to have been used in Mohenjo-Daro and its sister-city of Harappa. . . . [Quest for the Past, page 32] |
[MIDEAST TRADING WITH INDIA THRU DILMUN] |
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| M A Y A N N I G H T |
D R O U G H T v v v v v |
SEMITIC / SEMITE: 2400 and 2250 B.C. - Ebla - extensive writing, libraries [Tell Mardikh, Syria - NW Mesopotamia = far from Sumer] City archives: still being translated. "The tablets, which are still being intensively studied, reveal that Ebla in the middle of the third millennium B.C. was the capital of a huge and unsuspected Canaanite empire, a superpower to rival that of Egypt and Mesopotamia. [Plus] "Biblical" personal names - "A-bra-mu . . . E-sa-um . . . Ish-ma-ilu . . . Sa-'u-lum . . . Da-'u-dum . . .Is-ra-ilul "and place names . . . Hazor, Gaza, Lachish, Megiddo, 'Akko, Sinai . . . Sodom and Gomorrah . . . Urusalima "the third and greatest of the six kings of Ebla between 2400 and 2250 B.C. . . . Ebrum . . . Eber in Genesis, the great-great grandson of Noah, the great-great-great-great grandfather of Abraham . . . [Discovery of Lost Worlds] ----- Major trading center, sheep, goats, cattle, lumber, wood furniture inlaid with mother-of-pearl and composite statues created from different colored stones - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla ----- Passages in this language [Ebla] were interspersed with Sumerian texts from about 2400 BC. http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/geoghist/histories/Oldcivilization/phoenicia/semlang/semlang.html ----- Ebla ended by a fire in ~2350, probably in a conflict with Sargon of Akkad, the first Mesopotamian empire. It was rebuilt and flourished again during the Ur-III dynasty and in a period roughly coinciding with the Old Babylonian Period. A final destruction took place by a Hittite king ~1600 BCE, after which Ebla remained a small village. http://www.sron.nl/~jheise/akkadian/mesopotamia.html ------------------------------------------ 2400-2200 Akkad - Wikipedia [once called the earliest Semitic] [conquers and succeeds Sumer] 2350 Sargon of Agade defeats Umma & takes over Sumer & Akkad & creates significant political & economic empire - http://history-world.org/timeline.htm Empire of Sargon of Akkad - Around 2350 BCE an important change took place: the conversion from local competing city states to the first regional state, an empire in Mesopotamia. It was a change of political power, with more emphasis on the northern parts in the plains of Mesopotamia. Trade contacts are purposely centralized with the newly found city Akkad as its center. In art people are now depicted more naturalistic as well proportioned man with anatomic details. Proper names of rulers are more often Semitic. Akkadian as a Semitic language now penetrates into the texts, although the Sumerian culture will still exists for centuries to come. The Sumerian language is a scholarly and liturgical language. Royal inscription are now bi-lingual. Sargon --the first in this dynasty-- came from Kish and had a high position in service of the court of Kish. He was an usurper. After Sargon seized power in Kish he chose not to stay in the capital Kish, but to build a new capital Akkad. 2279-2334 - Sargon of Akkad (2270–2215) conquest of Sumerian city-states (Uruk), then later Mari, Yarmuti and Ebla as far as the Cedar Forest (Amanus) and the silver mountain (Taurus) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad Old Akkadian, which was used until the end of the third century BCE, differs from both Babylonian and Assyrian; and was displaced by these dialects. The two dialects, which were to become the primary dialects, were easily distinguishable by the 21st century BCE. Old Babylonian, along with the closely related dialect Mariotic, is clearly more innovative than the Old Assyrian dialect and the more distantly related Eblaite language. For this reason, forms like lu-prus (I will decide) are first encountered in Old Babylonian instead of the older la-prus(even though it was archaic compared to Akkadian). On the other hand, Assyrian developed certain innovations as well, such as the "Assyrian vowel harmony" (which is not comparable to that found in Turkish or Finnish). Eblaite is even more archaic, retaining a productive dual and a relative pronoun declined in case, number and gender. Both of which had already disappeared in Old Akkadian. [Goddess: Ishtar] First mentions of Isis [in Egypt] date back to the Fifth dynasty of Egypt [2498-2395] which is when the first literary inscriptions are found - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis ---------------------------------- The earliest source to mention Babylon may be a dated tablet of the reign of Sargon of Akkad (ca. 24th century BC http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon ---------------------------------- 2400-1900 Yemen megalith - http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/279/5356/1452 ---------------------------------- (2400) The Maritime Bell Beaker - Cunliffe Atlantic facade trade and culture network through which metal-mining and possibly Celtic languages were introduced to the British Atlantic fringe. (OB, 268) (third millennium - 'Beaker People' appeared all over the coasts and up the rivers of western Europe) The distributions of so-called Maritime Bell Beakers, a distinct form of pottery traded along the Atlantic and western Mediterranean coasts of France, Britain, Spain and northern Italy in the early third millennium BC are remarkably coincident with the map of inscriptional evidence for celtic languages over two thousand years later. (OB) = markers for an Atlantic facade trade and culture network through which metal-mining and possibly Celtic languages were introduced to the British Atlantic fringe from 4,400 years ago. So although the original genesis of Bell Beakers, as a general pottery type, was in north-west Europe, they evolved in the different parts of the west and eventually entered Britain as two broad types, reinforcing the now long-standing west/east division. Whether celtic languages arrived at this time or were already established as a trade network language in the earliest megalithic phase is a matter of speculation. I prefer the latter view. Both these routes of entry of beakers to the British Isles had some connection with the use of copper. For the Atlantic coast there was the attraction of the copper mines in Ireland and Wales, while for the east coast there was no local copper and prestige items had to be traded probably from the Balkans, where the copper age had started long before, during the Early Neolithic. (OB, 268) "Invasion of Britain by a bronze-weaponed, broad-headed, beaker-making, avenue-building people from Spain by way of S France & the Rhine. Further immigration of long-heads from the Baltic, and from SE Europe by way of the Rhine. Cremation and the less ostentatious though better furnished round barrows were introduced."( --------------------------------------------------- "Arthur Mourant, one of the founders of modern physical anthropology, wrote extensively on the biological anthropology of blood groups in the middle of the last century; his autobiography (1995) was aptly entitled Blood and Stones. He was not the first to note the higher rates of blood group O, as opposed to A, in Basques, Bretons, Welsh, Irish and Scots, but in 1952, with Welsh colleague Morgan Watkin, he made a reasonable crack at suggesting why: [T]here appear to us reasonable grounds for the belief that, prior to the advent of Celtic-speaking immigrants, the British Isles were inhabited by a people whose domain had at one time extended over a considerable part of Europe and North Africa but who under ever increasing pressure from the east had been driven from their homelands. Some, no doubt, found refuge in the more isolated mountain regions, but the remainder were gradually driven westwards and finally came to occupy a limited area near the Atlantic seaboard of Europe. / Watkin later added: One wonders, therefore, whether a large part of Britain's very early population did not arrive by the western sea routes and whether Celtic speech was acquired from later invaders ..." (OB 407) "Surprisingly, this packaging seems to fit the genetic story well. It would be difficult not to suggest LBK pots carrying Y-group lan up the Danube for Proto-Germanic languages. We could then match the spread of Cardial Ware along the Mediterranean with Ilb2 and E3b for Proto-Italic, and ultimately Maritime Bell Beakers and the same Y markers for Proto-celtic spreading along the Atlantic coast into the British Isles. But neat associations are not proof, and the Neolithic is not the only period in which such a pattern could have occurred." (OB 296) --------------------------------------------------- 2400 - 2200 The beginning of the Irish Bronze Age: several centuries of unalloyed copper production, contemporary with the use of Beaker pottery. http://www.nuigalway.ie/ross_island/ore_to_metal2.htm 2400- 2000 Ross Island ... Co. Kerry ... the mines were in operation (Cunliffe in OB) The first of the mythological invasions would have been at about the same time as the very earliest copper mining in Ireland, at Ross Island. (OB) Cunliffe notes that 'the earliest [Irish] metallurgy seems to be coeval with the appearance of the earliest beakers' (OB) [t]he main source of copper in the northern part of the Atlantic zone in the third and second millennia [nc] was Ireland ... Two major mining complexes have been located in the south ot the country, together spanning the period from c.2400 to 1500 BC ... The earliest so far known is at Ross Island ... Co. Kerry ... the mines were in operation from 2400 to 2000 BC ... (OB, 103) Our Celtic roots lie in Spain and Portugal [Welsh] - http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/news/wales-news/2008/05/05/our-celtic-roots-lie-in-spain-and-portugal-91466-20863971/ ---------- Commonality of "Celts" of Ireland and Semitic/Phoenician: THE HEBREW - CELTIC CONNECTION - http://www.ensignmessage.com/archives/hebrew.html Phoenician Origin of the Celts - The Phoenicians and the Celts may have originated in the Indus Valley, and also the Knossus Civilization of Crete, circa 2600 BC, plus perhaps the Sumerians, who came by sea to Sumer around 3800 BC. Or... perhaps the Phoenician, but NOT the original "Celts" were from the Indus Valley, and today's Celts are actually a mixture of the Phoenicians plus a "pre-Celtic" group. http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/geoghist/histories/Oldcivilization/phoenicia/origin/originlanguage/celts.html Commonality of "Celts" of Ireland and Hindu India: - Women of the Celts - Jean Markale (the whole book) - The Celtic Realms: The History and the Culture of the Celtic Peoples from Pre-History to the Norman Invasion - by Myles Dillon & Nora Chadwick 1967 - [Gives many correspondances between Irish, Greek, Hindu. - Oppenheimer: The Origins of the British - clears up mistake about the origins of the Celts made by Venceslas Kruta in his book Celts (2004) based on Roman writings: Simon James: The Atlantic Celts - unravels a modern myth created in the early 18th century by a Welsh antiquarian, Edward Lhuyd. The term 'Celtic' had never been applied to inhabitants of the British Isles until the time of Lhuyd . . . The connection, or further conflation, of Atlantic Celts with the Iron Age Hallstatt and La Tene cultures has no basis in direct linguistic evidence . . . (Page 43: "Diodorus Siculus, writing in Greek rather earlier than Strabo, states:"distinction . . . people who dwell in the interior above Massalia [Marseilles], those on the slopes of the Alps and those on this [northern] side of the Pyrenees mountains are called Celts (Keltoi), whereas the peoples who are established above this land of Celtica in the parts which stretch to the north, both along the ocean and along the Hercynian Mountain [today's Massif Central], and all the peoples who come after these, as far as Scythia, are known as Gauls (Galatai); the Romans, however, include all these nations under a single name . . . Gauls (Galatai) . . ." ) Commonality of Phoenicians with India: http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/geoghist/histories/Oldcivilization/phoenicia/rigveda/rigveda.html |
2400 - Settled SEMITES appear [Sumer, Egypt, Phoenicia, Harappa continue] Were these descendants of / connected to Phoenicians? v v v v v v v (contemporary with: successor to Sumer) [Goddess: Ishtar (Akkad) contemporary with worship in Egypt] v v v v to Britain: "Celts"? Actually Phoenicians? VASCONIC UNDER-LAYER [Sorry world, you've got it wrong: This is when the "Celtic" Gaelic Irish layer arrived in Britain, not with later "Indo-European".] |
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| COMMONALITIES THROUGH NAMES OF METALS: Making bronze may have developed in Southeast Asia. The earliest bronzes found so far are from early second millennium BC, Ban Chiang, Thailand. (Malaysia, Thailand, & Indonesia still produce more than half the world's tin.) --------- Copper: Malay: Tembaga / Hindi: tāmbē / Tamil: takaram / Thai: thxngdæng / Vietnamese: Đồng [nguyên tố] / Chinese?: qián/Tong/iong / Japanese: Seidō / Hebrew: נחושת - nahtseht / [nuHās] Arabic / Sumerian: annaku [Sumerian urudu, also for the Euphrates, literally, "copper river."] / Sanskrit kastira (kÄs, to shine) > [qaSdīr] Arabic > Greek kassiteros. Sumerian KAxUD.BAR (or) UDxKA.BAR (or) SI.BAR / Akkadian SIPARRU / Hebrew שׁוֹטֵר [Google] - SEPER / Arabic SIFRun / http://www.vanderkrogt.net/elements/elem/cu.html 4. Bakar (Turkish). Used in Turkish, Albanian, Southern Slavic 5. Varis (Baltic)."The ancient indigenous Baltic word for Copper (Latvian vars, Lithuanian varias, Old Prussian wargien) indicates that it was inherited from some ancient period, since it is not borrowed either from the Slavic or Germanic peoples...." (P. Schmidt). 6. Chalkos (χαλκος) (Greek). Also in Aromanian. [Note: alkos - relation to alchemy?] 7. Nahoshet. Arabic and Hebrew. [NOPE] anag (Armenian) ----------- Tin: The Caucasus, with abundant metal deposits, worked copper thousands of years before others; independently developed its own trading networks. Did they keep words that related to previous copper experimentation? Kurdish: Pîl / Persian & Urdu: ql / Georgian: kʼala / Azerbejian & Ozbek: Qalay / Turkish: Kalay / Serbo-Croatian & Bosanski: Kalaj / Bulgarian: Калай / Serbian: Калај / Hebrew: בדיל - bdyl [ba'atz; paht (pahteet)] פְּלִיז [Google] / פַּחִית Aramaic אבצא Avatza Sumerian KU(g).AN.A(k) / Akkadian ANAKU / Hebrew 'ANAK / Arabic 'ANUK / Armenian ANAG / Old Hindic NAGA Thai dībuk / Hindi: ṭina / Chinese: tián / Arabic القصدير http://www.telecomtally.com/blog/2009/01/friday_culture_word_nktin.html Sumerian anag/nagga or anaku Akkadain annaku Hittite nagga or anaku Arabic 'anuk Armenian anag Syriac 'ankā Gə'əz nā'ək Coptic anok Sanskrit nāga Sanskrit trapu, baGga, naaka, paatra - http://spokensanskrit.de/ |
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| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY: "Bronze Age". Writing (hieroglyphs & first syllabic signs). History starts. (No IndoEuropean spread yet.) Horse domestication in Mongolia & China. Egypt, the Middle East, and Europe are self-involved, although copper mining expands. Semitic/Celtic/Phoenician spread along Mediterranean coast and into Britain, with mining, continues. Previous rise in sea levels continues into DROUGHT > constant warring in Mideast > Vedic Hattians and Hurrians move into the Middle East. The Austronesians explore and expand - by sea. |
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ON TO ARIES AGE - Mayan Day 2 & Night 2 |