| ++++++++++ Converted to BCE ++++++++++ | ||||
| LAST TURN AWAY FROM GALACTIC CENTER: ARIES AGE - Mayan Day 2 and Night 2. | ||||
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++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Mayan Sacred Calendar: National Underworld: Heaven 3: Day 2: Germination - 2326 - 1932 The first to branch off [Indo-European] was the Greek-Armenian-Indo-Iranian language community. It must have begun to do so in the fourth millennium B.C. because by the middle of the third millennium B.C. the community was already dividing into Indo-Iranian and Greek-Armenian. - The Early History of Indo-European Languages by Thomas V. Gamkrelidze and V. V. Ivanov (Scientific American - March 1990) ----------------------------------- ca. 2500 - 2000/1700 BC - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattians THE HATTIANS, METALWORKERS, NATURALISTIC ART: Until about 1800 BC, the region of Anatolia around ancient Hattusa (modern Boğazköy) . . . had been the home of an earlier people, conventionally called Hattians, who spoke a poorly known non-Indo-European language. This extinct Hattic isolate appears to have some affinity with the Northwest Caucasian languages[citation needed]. The name Hetto-Iberian has been proposed[citation needed] for a superfamily comprising Northwest Caucasian and Hattic. The Hattians of north-eastern Anatolia: In close touch with the sources of copper, silver and, to a lesser degree, of gold . . . The treasures found in the royal tombs of Alaca Höyük, together with later discoveries at Horoztepe and Kayapinar HûyÄk, i.e., in the fertile district of Tokat--Amasya, show that they were skilled workers in metal and could turn that skill to good account. Gold vessels, jugs and goblets, are decorated with elaborate geometrical patterns in repoussé work, the shapes and to some extent the patterns being taken over from pottery originals; personal ornaments are executed in gold filigree or in granulated technique. Very remarkable are the animal figures solid-cast in copper and sometimes inlaid with silver, sometimes partly plated by dipping the copper core in an alloy of silver and lead; these oxen and stags are highly conventionalized but still vigorous and true to nature; here again a bulls' head in burnished clay with incised detail shows a similar style in a different medium. Animal figures are in many cases associated with the 'standards' of cast copper, flat circles, half-circles and squares filled in with an open network of criss-cross bars, swastikas, etc., through which may come a stag or a bull; an example from Horoztepe [which is certainly a sistrum] has a procession of deer, ibexes and lions round its rim. Horoztepe has also produced a copper statuette of a nude woman suckling an infant; two rather more crude female figures and one of a child come from a tomb at Alaca Höyük; in all of them there is a very definite feeling for the human body, a naturalness of posture and a softness of curves quite unusual in the primitive figurines of the Middle East; but those are qualities which, like the sympathetic realism of the animal figures, will be recognized again in later Hittite art. The Alaca Höyük tombs date from about 2200 B.C. [Woolley, so old dating?] http://www.noteaccess.com/Texts/Woolley/6.htm [granulat.rtf] The Hattians were an ancient people who inhabited the land of Hatti in Asia Minor in the 3rd to 2nd millennia BC. They spoke a non-Indo-European language of uncertain affiliation called Hattic (now believed by some to be related to the Northwest Caucasian language group). The Hattians may have been connected, in language and proximity, to the Khaldi/Kardu. The Khaldi were a Bronze Age people inhabiting the south-eastern shore of the Black Sea (now part of Turkey). They were related in proximity and probably also in language to the Hattians, an ancient people of Asia Minor, whose Hattic language is now believed to have been related to the Circassian language group. Another ancient ethnic group possibly associated with the Khaldi are the Kardu. The Khaldi, and neighboring tribes Khalib/Chalybes, Mossynoikoi, and Tubal/Tabal/Tibarenoi, are counted among the first ironsmith nations by classical authors. The main sources for the history of the Khaldi are certain well-known works by Homer, Strabo, and Xenophon. As late as in Roman times, the Chaldaei (i.e. Khaldi, homonymous but unrelated to the Semitic Chaldeans) are mentioned as a tribe immediately neighboring the Chalybes in Pontic Cappadocia, or the Pontus Cappadocicus section of the Roman province of Pontus. http://ancient-anatolia.blogspot.com/2006/09/hattians-first-civilization-in-anatolia.html ----------------------------------- About 2300 BC - Semitic invasion of Babylonia became Babylonia; & Amorite invasion of Sumer & Accad became Assyria. (Langdon: Babylonian Menologies and the Semitic Calendar 1935) 2278 - 2217 relatively peaceful, no wars in Middle East ?? |
[ > SCYTHIANS?] Iron: when? |
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2500 BC–2000 BC: Proto-Greek is spoken in the Balkans, Proto-Indo-Iranian north of the Caspian in the emerging Andronovo culture. The Bronze Age reaches Central Europe with the Beaker culture, likely composed of various Centum dialects. The Tarim mummies possibly correspond to proto-Tocharians. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European |
Right. It's the Beaker culture that is expanding. Not IE. |
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2400-2200 - Lifetime of the Archer found buried near Stonehenge, who was born in the central Europe near the Alps (OB, 267) |
Siberia and movement TO THE EAST chariotry, horse sacrifices, and the myth of the horse-headed human 2200 Indus Harappa script DROUGHT WORSENS 22nd - 20th centuries: Egyptian alphabet 2000-1000 travel to Ohio & Michigan - SunGod Mideast: Start of: Salinity > Population shift. [invention of the chariot - local] Expansion from Mediterranean islands moves into mainland central Greece It is argued that this was an influx from Anatolia, due to arrival of the Hittites. But migration from the Cyclades and Crete could account for it. Where are the Anatolian influences? Indeed, it looks like the migration was the other direction: Greece > Anatolia. Did the Cretans move to Miletus to be nearer to metal supplies? [This is the first IE spread. It is TO THE EAST] [& see note above on origin of Chinese.] 2000 Cretan hieroglyphs = Phoenicians ? = Phoenicians ? |
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++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Mayan Sacred Calendar: National Underworld: Heaven 4: Night 2: Resistance - 1932 - 1538 The Amorite Period (2000 - 1725 B.C.) was a rather turbulent period in the history of Byblos. The Amorites had unsettled the status quo of the Near East areas. Trade continued however and the temples flourished. Some of the rulers of this time bear names that indicate a relationship to the rulers of the first Babylonian dynasty (also Amorite). http://thomo.coldie.net/history/byblos Assyria a large kingdom: Old (20th to 15th c. BC) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria / 1900s-1400s Assyria - Wikipedia 2000 - 1400 - Wessex, already the ritual centre of England during the Neolithic, continued its dominance during the Bronze Age, with lavish, rich individual burials replacing communal graves. (OB, 272) 2000 - 1000 break-up of Mon-Khmer branch of Austro-Asiatic 1900 - DACO-THRACIA / Hittites = Carpatho-Danubian empire - http://www.dacia.org/history/anatol_e.html ??? Elamite invasion and sack of Ur during the rule of Ibbi-Sin (ca. 1940 BC), Sumer came under Amorite rule. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer The Amorites were member of an ancient Semitic-speaking people who dominated the history of Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine from about 2000 to about 1600 BC. They were troublesome nomads and were believed to be one of the causes of the downfall of the 3rd dynasty of Ur (c. 2112-c. 2004 BC). During the 2nd millennium BC the Akkadian term Amurru referred not only to an ethnic group but also to a language and to a geographic and political unit in Syria and Palestine. At the beginning of the millennium, a large-scale migration of great tribal federations from Arabia resulted in the occupation of Babylonia proper, the mid-Euphrates region, and Syria-Palestine. They set up a mosaic of small kingdoms and rapidly assimilated the Sumero-Akkadian culture. It is possible that this group was connected with the Amorites mentioned in earlier sources; some scholars, however, prefer to call this second group Eastern Canaanites, or Canaanites. Almost all of the local kings in Babylonia (such as Hammurabi of Babylon) belonged to this stock. One capital was at Mari (modern Tall al-Hariri, Syria). Farther west, the political center was Halab (Aleppo); in that area, as well as in Palestine, the newcomers were thoroughly mixed with the Hurrians. The region then called Amurru was northern Palestine, with its center at Hazor, and the neighboring Syrian desert. - http://history-world.org/amorites.htm 1900 - Linear A script [Cyrus Gordon: Minoan (Linear A) was Phoenician (Northwest Semitic) ] = syllabary 2000 - "Sarasvati River dried up 4,000 years ago" |
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Their movement into the region set off a Near East mass migration sometime around 1900 BCE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_Empire / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900BCE_Near_East_mass_migration |
This must be later. | |||
| This period is generally taken to coincide with a major shift in population from southern Iraq toward the north. Ecologically, the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands was being compromised as a result of rising salinity. Soil salinity in this region had been long recognised as a major problem. Poorly drained irrigated soils, in an arid climate with high levels of evaporation, led to the buildup of dissalved salts in the soil, eventually reducing agricultural yields severely. During the Akkadian and Ur III phases, there was a shift from the cultivation of wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley, but this was insufficient, and during the period from 2100 BC to 1700 BC, it is estimated that the population in this area declined by nearly 3/5ths. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer Rather than being caused by the people, the salinization may have resulted from a diminished flow of the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers. Climatic Change and the History of the Middle East by Arie S. Issar (American Scientist, July-August 1995) When Sumeria was emptied, the people moved north, they became the Scythians, later called the Huns, Parthians, Magyars, Avar. http://www.hun-idea.com/3/03_HUN.htm It might of course be argued that the gold wealth of Troy II was drawn primarily from the gold-mines twenty-odd miles away at Abydos, of which Strabo wrote later, or even from the gold found much farther away at Colchis (washed down by the River Phasis) or in the distant Caucasus (resulting in the early gold culture of the Kuban), and that it was the Hittite invasion of Asia Minor at the end of the nineteenth century B.C. which broke these supplies. (Gold - Sutherland) But it seems to be more probable that the lack of gold in Troy III-V (c. 1800-1500 B.C.) is to be related to the coincident climax of Cretan sea-power and that the new prosperity of Troy VI (c. 1500-1200) reflects the decline and fall of that sea-power, leading in turn to the maritime dominance of the Achaeans and a widespread redistribution of the rich stocks of gold accumulated over the centuries by a now semi-derelict Cnossus. (Gold - Sutherland) |
Mideast: end of population shift? [Did this disrupt the power balances in tin supply lines??] |
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| [Turbulence in Byblos, sack of Ur = people escaping the Mideast:] 2000 - 1500 - precious metals joined the Neolithic trade routes, with items such as gold lunulae (ornaments in the shape of a crescent moon) moving from Ireland to Cornwall and Brittany. (OB, 273) (more - quoting Cunliffe) 1934 - Fir Bolg arrive in Ireland - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland Fir Bolg were "short and dark". Established kingship and a system of justice - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythological_Cycle [sounds like Hittites: Hamurabi etc] <<< Around 1900 BC the Tuatha De Danann, skilled artisans, replaced the Firbolgs and supplied another series of nine kings, who ruled until 1700 BC. (OB) = NEW DATES - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatha_Dé_Danann The Tuatha de Danaan had been driven northward from Greece as a result of an invasion from Syria and eventually reached Ireland by way of Denmark, to which they gave their own name ('The Kingdom of the Danaans') and North Britain. (WG) In Medieval literature the region of Scythia is sometimes alluded to as the ultimate Norse homeland in the Danish and Icelandic sagas. - Oppenheimer (OB) 1800 SCANDINAVIA bronze age? - http://www.britam.org/Questions/QuesPhoenicians.html 1800 BC: Beginning of the Nordic Bronze Age in the period system devised by Oscar Montelius. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century_BC 2300-1600 Unetice Bronze Age culture - Bohemia, Czech Republic, S & central Germany, W Poland [= movement N along rivers] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unetice_culture "The Phoenicians were experts in the production of bronze, as were the Danites in the northern Galilee, and so too were Israelites from the Tribe of Asher and the Israelites on the east bank of the Jordan River around the region of Succoth. ‘…Tyre established a kind of monopoly over the supply of tin to the Middle East. This tin was obtained from "Tarshish," i.e., from Spain and from the British Isles’ [quoting Rawlinson’s Phoenicia, p. 164]. The Phoenicians who supplied bronze to the Middle East may have included Israelite Tribes. / "Excavations at the site of Dan in northern Galilee (Israel) revealed the existence of a well developed metallurgical industry which concentrated on the production of bronze. Analysis of the bronze showed the existence of gold in some specimens, which is said to be a characteristic of British tin and [which] indicates that the tin used in Dan of the Galilee came from Britain [quoting Abraham Birn (July/August, 1987), Biblical Archaeological Review, (BAR), Vol. 4, p. 24]. Later, one of the names given to Cornwall and Devon (in Britain) was Daunonia or Dannonia, and other sources prove that Israelites from the Tribe of Dan were present in the area. The Phoenician mines in Cornwall according to local tradition are all connected with Jews (meaning in their terms Hebrews from Israel in general). Camden, an early British historian, stated that the mines of Cornwall had been worked under the direction of Israelites from the Tribe of Asher. |
[Who was making these? Not the Phoenicians. Some skill was imported into Ireland at this time. The Tuatha De Danaan?] [Hattian? metal art reappears in Ireland] [Unetice = how the Mideast got to Scandinavia] <<<<<<< 1800 Hittite alphabet 1800 Wadi el-Hol = Egyptian alphabet |
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| Graves: "1800 BC" zodiac: goat at winter solstice, waterman, fish, ram at spring equinox, bull, twins, crab at summer solstice, lion, virgin, scales at fall equinox, scorpion, bowman(page 380-381) - the zodiac that is still in popular use [actually 3100 - 730] 1793 - Pole Star became Kappa Draconis to approximately 1000 BC. However, because it is so much dimmer than nearby Kochab (Beta Ursae Minoris), Kochab was considered the pole star during that time instead. |
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1800-1650 Ebla powerful again as location of Amorites - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla 1795 Rim-Sin of Larsa defeats Isin & takes over Sumer & Akkad - http://history-world.org/timeline.htm 1786 - first horse-drawn war chariots rolled into Egypt ( = Hyksos) [cite: print-out, possibly from an "Africa as origin" talk] 1770 BC: Babylon, capital of Babylonia becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Thebes, capital of Egypt. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century_BC 1766 - 1763 - wars between the city-states of Babylon (& code of Hammurabi) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammurabi 1760 Hammurapi of Babylon defeats Larsa & takes over Sumer & Akkad - http://history-world.org/timeline.htm -------------------- 1800-1100 Hittites, including Alaca Huyuk, Turkey 18th century - Hittites, who spoke an Indo-European language, established a kingdom centered at Hattusa in N-central Anatolia. The Hittites displaced [or took-over] the previous occupants, the Hattians (who spoke a non-Indo-European language) - http://home.comcast.net/~chris.s/hittite-ref.html ------------------------------------------------------ "Related more to Urdu in this theater is the Hittite language, with a resemblance to Persian and Sanskrit. Hittite, covering a vast territory, had intermingled with Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, Aramaic, Hattian, Hurrian, Lycian, Lydian, and others, and must have exchanged words and idioms. The Hittite king, Suppliliuma, boasted of knowing twelve languages. Hittite vocabulary is thus quite mixed, but its verb flexion bears a resemblance to some Indo-European languages. It reveals the guttural, or laryngeal, sounds as well as the aspirant h found in other Indo-European languages." (Urdu/Hindi: an artificial divide : African heritage, Mesopotamian roots ... By Abdul Jamil Khan - Google Books) ------------------------------------------------------ During the second millennium B.C. a group of people known as the Hittites, who spoke an Indo-European language, ruled over the 'Land of Hatti', in central and eastern Anatolia, that peninsula which is modern Turkey. They had displaced the previous occupants, the Hattians (who spoke a non-Indo-European language), and ruled from the city of Hattusas near the modern Boghazkoy in northern central Turkey, possibly as early as 1900 B.C. Much of the Cappadocian plateau was under their control through satellite kingdoms before 1800 B.C. and they enjoyed a thriving trade with the Assyrians. Around 1800 B.C. Anittas and his father Pitkhanas of Kussara sacked several Hittite cities, including Hattusas, though Anittas laid a curse upon that city and trade broke off until the founding of the Old Kingdom under King Labarnas around 1680 B.C. He and his descendents greatly expanded the region of Hittite control, crossing the Taurus mountains and waging war on Syria and Assyria. Hittite:Hurrian Mythology REF.webarchive ------------------------------------------------------ "Around 1800 BC, for reasons yet unknown to archaeologists, tin became scarce in the Levant, causing a decline in bronze production. Copper, also, came to be in short supply. As a result, pirate groups around the Mediterranean, from around 1800-1700 BC onward, began to attack fortified cities in search of bronze, to remelt into weaponry." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age "ca. 1800 B.C. Goods begin to travel widely between cultures north and south. Spearheads, swords, and imported jewelry appear in European tombs, as do pins with wheel-shaped heads, which may refer to the chariot, a powerful status symbol. Throughout Europe, small groups seek status by controlling metals and other resources and acquiring the outward signs of wealth." http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=03®ion=euw 1800 - First copper artifacts ?in the Americas? - Barry Fell: America B.C. |
Mideast: Population shift finished: Re-emergence of power centers:
Babylon is a transition of power re-emerging in southern Mesopotamia. [This is the first IE entrance into Mideast.] [Perhaps the Hittites came into power by taking over control of the tin supply lines.] <<< Get this |
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c. 1750 BC: Nomadic shepherds, the Aryans, enter India from Central Asia and the Russian steppes. Vedic period starts in India. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century_BC -------------------- 1750 - Cretans had colonized the Peloponnese 1749 – 1712 BC: Mesopotamian Rebellions. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century_BC 1730 - Hyksos establish themselves at Avaris in Egyptian Nile delta. (30°47'14.71"N, 31°49'16.92"E) = 30 N Latitude 1720 Shift of Euphrates River & collapse of life at Nippur & some other cities of Sumer - http://history-world.org/timeline.htm In the taiga and forest-steppe zone, an important network of contacts stretched from the Ural mountains to the Altai, and gave rise to a common north-Eurasian metallurgical tradition based on the hollow casting of bronzes - http://www.csen.org/koryakova2/Korya.Bronze.html. This was the ancestor both of the Chinese bronze-casting tradition for ritual vessels of the Shang and Chou periods, and of advanced types of hollow-cast weapons and tools (spearheads, axes) in northern Europe. A further impact . . . was the incorporation of the steppe chariot-complex in the later Shang period. Early second millennium BC - Seima-Turbino metallurgy, from the Urals to the Altai, typical products (e.g. socketed spearheads), found as far apart as the eastern Baltic, Bessarabia, the Baikal region and China. http://www.archatlas.org/EastWest/EastWest.php 1725 - 1580 - Over this period, the Hyksos, a Khourrite people mingled with the local population of Byblos. At this time, the people of Byblos were falling more and more under the influence of the Egyptians. http://thomo.coldie.net/history/byblos |
IE migration into India Metal artistry again - same area / = lost wax ??? |
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1700 - 1600 BATTLES OVER TIN SUPPLY LINES The change-over from copper to Bronze took place around 1700 BC. http://www.ballybegvillage.com/bronze_age.html 1700 - Irish legend has all the so-called mythological cycle of invasions from the Continent done, which is the time of some of the earliest copper-mining in Ireland at Mount Gabriel in Cork. (OB) 1700 - 1500 - A later more extensive series of mines was opened at Mount Gabriel... west Cork... were in use over [Cunliffe in OB] 1700 - copper-working from copper mines on the rocky promontory of Great Ormes Head started - north coast of Wales, near Llandudno. This is the small town of Abergele, the British location with the highest Neolithic genetic input. Was this a Spanish colony? (OB, 269) Abergele, already mentioned as the British location with the highest Neolithic genetic input, on the north coast of Wales, situated near Llandudno. Until the nineteenth century, the nearby rocky promontory of Great Ormes Head had working copper mines. Recent archaeological excavations at Ormes Head reveal evidence of copper-working going back more or less continuously to the Early Bronze Age, 1700 BCE. (OB, 269-270) A later more extensive series of mines was opened at Mount Gabriel... west Cork... [They] were in use over about the two centuries from 1700 to 1500 BC ... Finally we must turn to [north] Wales, where some thirty mining sites are now known ... [F]our ... were in operation in the first half of the second millennium. (OB, 103) 1700 - Milesians arrived in Ireland (Annals of the Four Masters - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milesians_(Irish) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_the_Four_Masters) The last of the legendary invaders were the Milesians (Gaelic) and from Spain and possibly ultimately from Asia Minor. (OB) 1700 - 1700 - there was a large disturbance in Crete, probably an earthquake, or possibly an invasion from Anatolia. The Palaces at Knossos, Phaistos, Malia, and Kato Zakros were destroyed. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_civilization [but not ended: decline] c. 1700 BC — beginning of the Late Minoan period on Crete The Sintashta & Petrovka Sub-Cultures, who buried chariots, came to an end (2100-1700). <<< The city of Hattush was burned down in a great conflagration around 1700 BC. c. 1700 BC: Indus Valley Civilization comes to an end but is continued by the Cemetery H culture 1700 BC — Belu-bani became the King of Assyria. c. 1700 BC — Lila-Ir-Tash started to rule the Elamite Empire. c. 1698 BC — Lila-Ir-Tash the ruler of the Elamite Empire died. Temti-Agun I started to rule the Elamite Empire. 1691 BC — Belu-bani, the King of Assyria died. c. 1690 BC — Temti-Agun I, the ruler of the Elamite Empire, died. Tan-Uli started to rule the Elamite Empire. 1690 BC — Libaia became the King of Assyria. Hittite: Founding of the Old Kingdom under King Labarnas around 1680 B.C. - Hittite:Hurrian Mythology REF.webarchive 1680s BC — Egypt: Start of Sixteenth Dynasty. 1680s BC — Egypt: Development of leavened bread (date approximate). 1670s BC — Egypt: Start of Fifteenth Dynasty. 1673 BC — Sharma-Adad I became the King of Assyria. 1661 BC — Iptar-Sin became the King of Assyria. 1650s BC — Egypt: Start of Seventeenth Dynasty. c. 1655 BC — Tan-Uli, the ruler of the Elamite Empire, died. 1649 BC — Bazaia became the King of Assyria. 1633 BC — End of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth dynasties of Egypt, start of the Fifteenth dynasty. |
Was there a shortage of bronze-work??? v See below: China did plenty of bronze! ? Battle of Cad Goddeu (White Goddess) ? Harappa ends Crete Minoan disruption Babylon ends Last Stonehenge <<< Became the Hittites??? or became Shang??? |
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1627 BC – Beginning of a cooling of world climate lasting several years recorded in tree-rings all over the world.[1] It might have been caused by the Minoan eruption of Thera[2] or the Avellino eruption of Mount Vesuvius.[3] 1627-1600 New absolute dating for the explosion of Santorin/Thira volcano in the Mediterranean - http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/312/5773/548 1625 BC — Samsu-Ditana becomes King of Babylon (middle chronology). 1621 BC — Lullaia becomes the King of Assyria. 1620 BC — Mursili I becomes King of the Hittite Empire (middle chronology). Hittite: King Mursilis (~1620-1590 B.C.), Labarnas' grandson by adoption, brought down the Old Kingdom of Babylon - Hamurabi's dynasty. This expanded realm, also stretching to Anatolia's west coast, proved to susceptible to internal power struggles. Hittite:Hurrian Mythology REF.webarchive 1615 BC — Shu-Ninua became the King of Assyria. 1601 BC — Sharma-Adad II became the King of Assyria. All from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_century_BC 1600s BC — The creation of one of the oldest surviving astronomical documents, a copy of which was found in the Babylonian library of Ashurbanipal: a 21-year record of the appearances of Venus (which the early Babylonians called Nindaranna). Aleppo was the capital of the Amorite kingdom of Yamkhad during the Middle Bronze Age (c. 1800-1600 B.C.E.) and was the focus of the Hittites in their overthrow of the Amorite Dynasty in 1595 B.C.E. - http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Aleppo [Syria] 1600 - last evidence of Harappan civilization at Harapa, Indus Valley. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harapa (& WG) alphabet : [1600 bc] Phoenician, North Semitic: `abcdefghjiklmoqrsuwxyz = 22. First appeared at Byblos. Similar to the syllabic Proto-Byblian script of the Canaanites (never deciphered). Phoenician gave rise to Syriac, Arabic, Hebrew, and all the European alphabets. / Two thirds of the letters from Egyptian hieroglyphs, one third from the Cretan script.[2] The earliest Phoenician inscription found to date was written on a potsherd discovered at Bethshemeth, Palestine dating from the 16th century B.C. .[4] http://www.arapacana.com/glossary/misc/letters.html The Byblos syllabary, also known as the Pseudo-hieroglyphic script, Proto-Byblian, Proto-Byblic, or Byblic, is an undeciphered writing system, known from ten inscriptions found in Byblos. The inscriptions are engraved on bronze plates and spatulas, and carved in stone. They were excavated by Maurice Dunand, from 1928 to 1932, and published in 1945 in his monograph Byblia Grammata. The inscriptions are conventionally dated to the second millennium BC, probably between the 18th and 15th centuries BC. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byblos_syllabary The earliest known alphabetic inscriptions are called Proto-Canaanite and date from 1700 - 1500 BCE. Proto-Canaanite, which may have been an adaptation of Egyptian hieroglyphics, developed into the first true alphabetic writing system: Phoenician. The Phoenicians occupied an area that is part of modern Lebanon, Syria and Israel. Their 22 letter alphabet consisted of pictures of objects but, rather than using the pictures to represent whole words as with pictographs, each letter represented the first sound of the word for the object. The Phoenician alphabet, like earlier Egyptian hieroglyphics, included only consonants, not vowels. This alphabet developed into old Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek and, eventually, the Roman alphabet we use today. http://www.museum.upenn.edu/Canaan/Writing.html The Proto-Canaanite alphabet is a consonantal alphabet of twenty-two acrophonic pictorial glyphs, found in Levantine texts of the Late Bronze Age (from ca. the 15th century BC), by convention taken to last until a cut-off date of 1050 BC, after which it is called Phoenician. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Canaanite_alphabet The Gilgamesh Epic proper, dates from around 1600 B.C., at the end of the Old Babylonian period, and was composed in Akkadian. (The Time Falling Bodies Take To Light - William Irwin Thompson) 1600 - Gilgamesh Epic - at the end of the Old Babylonian period, and was composed in Akkadian. (WG) The last known construction at Stonehenge was about 1600 BC - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge (& WG) "The evidence, given in the Gwyn context . . . , for supposing that the oak-cult came to Britain from the Baltic between 1600 and 1400 B.C. suggests that the Beth-Luis-Nion sequence, in which Duir is the principal tree, was at any rate not elaborated before 1600 B.C., though the rowan, willow, elder and alder were perhaps already in sacral use." (page 179) 1600 B.C. = Eastern Mediterranean agricultural year, beginning in the autumn, related to the solar year beginning at the Winter solstice. (WG) The recent discovery in the great barrow of Loose Howe on the Cleveland Moors of a primary burial with no less than three boat dug-outs must henceforward stand at the head of the series and serve to show how the same rite took hold among the seafarers on both sides of the North Sea between about 1600 and 1400 B.C. (WG) |
What happened AFTER the Thira erruption = outlet to coast for trade 1600? - alphabet: Proto-Canaanite or Phoenician - 22 consonants |
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| M A Y A N N I G H T |
http://history-world.org/amorites.htm [The Sintashta & Petrovka Sub-Cultures, who buried chariots, came to an end (2100-1700).] 1700-1100 BC Shang dynasty, China (30 degrees N latitude) 1600 Shang China script "The early Chinese bronzes date from the sixteenth century B.C. . . . However, by 1300, Chinese smiths were turning out exquisite cast-bronze ritual vessels which are far superior to contemporary work found elsewhere. . . [Mysteries of the Past, 1977, near p190] Metallurgy: "Recent excavations at Ban Chiang in the northeastern part of Thailand have brought to light . . . iron objects which seem to have been made about 1600 B.C. . . . " [Mysteries of the Past, 1977, near page 190] [Mysteries of the Past, 1977: 1600 - Beginnings of Bronze Age in China] From the sixteenth century B.C. onward three or four attempts were made to simplify the various syllabaries then current in the near East into pure alphabets. The most successful of these was the Phoenician, from which the 'Cadmean' Greek characters derive. 1571-1546 Hyksos Pharaoh Khamudy Aasehre = Cadmus (son of Agenor) 1595 Hittite raid disrupts unity of Sumer & Akkad - http://history-world.org/timeline.htm ? 1595 Hittite sack of Babylon 1575 - 1308 New Kingdom (Egypt) 1575 - Hyksos kings defeated and run out of Egypt by Pharaoh Ahmose, reigns to 1550 (Gods of Eden) 1567 - Egypt expel Hyksos ? 1560- Campaigns of Babylon 1550 - Amenhotep I reign starts What happened to the Hyksos? Sharuhen was an ancient town in the Negev Desert, between Rafah and Gaza. Following the expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt in the early 1500s BCE, they fled to Sharuhen and fortified it. The armies of Pharaoh Ahmose I seized and razed the town after a three-year siege. The destruction of Sharuhen was merely the first stage of a new policy of pre-emptive warfare waged by the Egyptians. Because the Egyptians of the 17th Dynasty felt deeply humiliated by the 15th and 16th Dynasty rule of the Hyksos (ca. 1655 BCE-ca. 1580 BCE), the Theban dynasty launched an ambitious war, led by Seqenenre Ta'a II, against the foreign king, Apep, to reclaim lost territory. Though his own campaign to expel the Hyksos from Egypt failed, and he himself was killed in battle, his son, Kamose, launched an attack on the Hyksos capital of Avaris. It was his much younger brother, Ahmose I, however, who finally succeeded in recapturing Avaris, razing it, and expelling the Hyksos rulers from Egypt altogether. The profound insult of the foreign rule to the honour and integrity of Egypt could be corrected, and its reoccurrence prevented, only by extending Egypt's hegemony over the Asiatics to the north and east of Egypt. Ahmose I engaged in a retaliative three-year siege of the Southern Palestine citadel of Sharuhen, thereby launching an aggressive policy of pre-emptive warfare. His success was continued by his successor but one, Thutmose I, who extended Egyptian influence as far as the Mitanni kingdom in the north and Mesopotamia in the east, thereby creating what was to become the most extensive empire in the ancient world. Baines, John; Malek, Jaromir; Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt; Checkmark Books; Oxford; 2000 Bunson, Margaret R.; Encyclopedia of ancient Egypt; Facts on File; New York; 2002 Quirke, Stephen; Spencer, Jeffrey; The British Museum Book of ancient Egypt; Thames and Hudson, New York; 1992 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharuhen The Egyptian terms "Hekau-Khasut", "Hyk-Khase" may have any relationship with "Kasdim/Kasdu", that indicates the peoples of Southern Mesopotamia. It is a curious fact that in the same period that the Hyksos were expelled from Egypt, another mysterious people arose in Babylonia: the Kassites (Kasu). They also came from an unknown place and after they lost control of Babylon apparently had not any further history. Very likely, they were direct descendants of the Sumerians, the authentic Kasdim. So here it comes the hazardous hypothesis: the Kassites that took the rule of Babylon may have been the already dethroned Hyksos! Also the Kassites were said to come from the "hill country", and that is why it was thought that such country was somewhere in the Zagros region, but it is not thoroughly proven and the question about the origin of the Kassites is still open. As well as for the Hyksos, the Kassite period is considered to be a "dark age"; another coincident fact is that both peoples were regarded as excellent horsemen. Their language was likely Sumerian, which was in some way related with Hurrian, though it was definitely different. Indeed, both peoples shared many common features, and even though this seems to be a rather unlikely identity, it is interesting the parallelism between Hyksos and Kassites. http://www.imninalu.net/Hyksos.htm The identity of the Hyksos is disputed, but there is little doubt that the Hy-KSOS were the Midianites, i.e. KASSites (=Hebrew KASDIM) or KASKA, enemies of the Hittites. The name of these peoples is perhaps retained in the later Russian and Turkish term KAZAK = "COSSACKs, adventurers, raiders, nomadic shepherds". http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi49.htm <<< MORE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY: "Bronze Age & start of Iron Age". Writing (first alphabet). Extensive use of boats for trade, expansion, and exploration. Indo-European (IE) first sign of movement into Mideast (Hurrians & HIttites) |
No dark age, says Rohl - see new chronology 1600 Shang China script Thailand: Second use of iron? (First in Anatolia 2700?) Was this an extension of Aryan? |
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ON TO ARIES AGE Day 3 and Night 3 |