| ++++++++++ Converted to BCE ++++++++++ | ||||
| LAST TURN AWAY FROM GALACTIC CENTER: ARIES AGE - Mayan Day 3 and Night 3. | ||||
| ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Mayan Sacred Calendar: National Underworld: Heaven 5: Day 3: Sprouting - 1538 - 1144 By the middle of the second millennium B.C. the Indo-Iranian group had given rise to a language spoken in the Mitanni kingdom . . . that was already different from ancient Indian (commonly called Sanskrit) and ancient Iranian. Cretan-Mycenaean texts from the same eras as Mitanni . . . turned out to be in a previously unknown dialect of Greek. All these languages had gone their separate ways from Armenian. - The Early History of Indo-European Languages by Thomas V. Gamkrelidze and V. V. Ivanov (Scientific American - March 1990) ----------------------------------- Settlers from Crete moved to Miletus [Anatolia coast] sometime in 16th century BC. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milesians_(Greek) 1600 - 1100 BC. Mycenaean civilization in Greece. = Achaean = The Late Helladic is the time when Mycenaean Greece flourished, under new influences from Minoan Crete and the Cyclades. Those who made LH pottery sometimes inscribed their work with a syllabic script recognizable as a form of Greek. LH is divided into I, II, and III; of which I and II overlap Late Minoan ware and III overtakes it. LH III is further subdivided into IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. The table below provides the approximate dates of the Late Helladic phases (LH) on the Greek Mainland. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helladic_period Late Helladic I 1550-1500 ----- Late Helladic II 1500-1400 ----- Late Helladic III 1400-1060 Barry Cunliffe . . . makes a geographic reconstruction of the mid-first millennium BC tin trade between the producers on the Atlantic coast (the Atabri/Cantabri of north-coast Spain, the Cornish and the Bretons) and the middlemen in southern France and Spain and the rest of the NW Mediterranean coast. His reconstruction identifies two separate rival networks. [Cunliffe: Facing the Ocean 2004] The Punic/Phoenician state consortium to which Himilco belonged ran the southern and older of these two networks. The locations of Punic pottery suggest that it stretched mainly from Cadiz, north along the coast just as far as NW Spain. Since this western Mediterranean consortium also controlled the Straits of Gibraltar, the rest of the Mediterranean traders - in particular the Greeks - were prevented from using this gateway to the tin-producers. (OB, 41) 1500 - El Argar dagger, SE Spain (Barry Fell: America B.C.) = ‘Argaric’ culture, Spain: 2250 BC to 1550 BC. [cite] 1500s- new date for Homer's Iliad / Trojan War (Troy). - NYT January 28, 1985 (Line of Song Provides a Clue on Ancient Troy) & February 3, 1985 (And Now, an Update On the Trojan War) - Prof. Emily T. Vermeule, a classicist at Harvard, and other scholars have been arguing that the line"mourning her destiny, leaving youth and manhood behind her" does not scan in Greek unless one assumes that it was originally sung in an archaic Greek that disappeared by the 15th or 14th century B.C. For the past two decades, archeologists working on the Aegean coast of Turkey have discovered increasing evidence at Miletus, Iasos and elsewhere that (1225 - Greek date for the Argo expedition to Colchis (Herodotus)) 1528 Amenhotep I reign ends 1528 - 1510 Thutmose I - extended Egyptian influence as far as the Mitanni kingdom in the north and Mesopotamia in the east, thereby creating what was to become the most extensive empire in the ancient world. 1510 - 1490 Thutmose II Hittite: In 1525 B.C., Telepinus, last king of the Old Kingdom seized control and sacrificed some of the Western districts and all of the territory east of the Taurus mountains in favor of a more easily managed kingdom. - Hittite:Hurrian Mythology REF.webarchive |
Did the Cretans move to Miletus to be nearer to the bronze supply? Continued move from Mediterranean islands TO mainland Anatolia and Greece. Greeks = Helladic = Mediterraneans - trying to expand trading networks. (traditional dates) IE: still localized |
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| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1500 - end of Hurrians in Kurdistan 1500 - Southeast Asia: Lapita trading thought to have started 1500 - A guidepost for river travel in America, recorded at the Three Rivers Petroglyph, Frost Valley, Neversink River, New York, North America (SunGod) 1500 - A Copper Trading Route, recorded at Kennebec River, Embden, Maine, North America (SunGod) 1500 - Casma Valley, Peru - "earliest city in Americas" [Nope: see earlier] 1800/1500 - 900 - Peru: first ceramics -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1500 B.C. - 500 A.D. - (at the time of the Greeks) the pole star was beta Ursae Minoris (Wikipedia) |
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| [This is considered the Middle Bronze Age - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age_alphabets ] 1500 BCE - the Proto-Sinaitic script discovered in the winter of 1904-1905 by William Flinders Petrie The Proto-Sinaitic script was in use from ca. 1500 BC in the Sinai and the Levant, probably by early West Semitic speakers. In Canaan it developed into the Proto-Canaanite alphabet from ca. 1400 BC, adapted to writing a Canaanite (Northwest Semitic) language. The Phoenician alphabet seamlessly continues the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, by convention called Phoenician from the mid 11th century. Phoenician became the widespread form of Proto-Canaanite; previously, the script had been restricted to recording only Canaanite languages. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet alphabet : [1500-1400 bc] Ugaritic alphabet, a cuneiform system in 30 letters. Identified at Ugarit, Syria, in 1929. The Ugaritic alphabet is a cuneiform abjad (alphabet without vowels), used from around 1500 BC for the Ugaritic language, an extinct Northwest Semitic language discovered in Ugarit, Syria, in 1928. It has 31 letters. Other languages (particularly Hurrian) were occasionally written in it in the Ugarit area, although not elsewhere. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaritic_script In 1929 a library of tablets was discovered in the North Canaanite city of Ugarit (Ras Shamra). They were written in a thirty-letter alphabet - a cuneiform imitation of Proto-Canaanite - quite close to Canaanite and so to Hebrew, and dated to about 1400 BC. By the mid-eleventh century BC the twenty-two letters of the later Proto-Canaanite had become the standardised Phoenician script. http://www.christianity.co.nz/bible-2.htm = Ugaritic At Ugarit on the coast-where the northern portion was called Phoenicia-archaeologists in 1929 found the royal palace of a Canaanite state that flourished between 1400 and 1200 B.C., complete with cuneiform tablets in the northwest Semitic tongue of Ugaritic. They contained the archives of official correspondence, including a treaty with the Hittites written in Akkadian and showing that the Canaanites were under Hittite domination. There were also poems, including an epic about a hero named Kret, who was granted a son by divine favor and who went to recapture his bride from the fortress of a king who had spirited her away. http://www.bigsiteofhistory.com/hurrians-canaanites-philistines-phoenicians-the-first-civilizations alphabet : alphabet (writing) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia: The Early Canaanite theory is based on several undeciphered inscriptions also discovered since 1929 at various Palestinian sites; the writings belong in ... www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/17212/alphabet Assyria a large kingdom: Middle Assyria (15th to 10th c. BC) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria |
1500 Proto-Sinaitic script [alphabet] in use 1500 Ugaritic alphabet or 1400? |
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1500–1000: The Nordic Bronze Age develops pre-Proto-Germanic, and the (pre)-Proto-Celtic Urnfield and Hallstatt cultures emerge in Central Europe, introducing the Iron Age. Migration of the Proto-Italians into the Italian peninsula (Bagnolo stele). |
Iron Age starts in Europe 1500-1400 Mycenean, Cretan script [writing] origin of Hebrews + links to Hurrians - from Mitanni??? [= Achaeans] The patriarchal influence on the Hebrews??? along with Hurrian? IE: still localized Was this a transition culture between Semitic/Mediterranean and IE in Greece?? Historical Hebrews? IE? |
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| -------------------------------- Iron Age - Near East (1300-600 BC) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age ------------------------------------------ By the thirteenth century BC all of the Hurrian states had been vanquished by other peoples. The heart of the Hurrian lands, the Khabur river valley, became an Assyrian province. It is not clear what happened to the Hurrian people at the end of the Bronze Age. Some scholars have suggested Hurrians lived on in the country of Subartu north of Assyria during the early Iron Age. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrians 1270-ca. - non-Celtic language Picts, sailing from Thrace; landed in Wexford Bay Ireland, battled the Danaans; went on to Northern Britain (Albany). Praciced exogamy, totemism, public coition, cannibalism, tattooing, women in battle - common to:Thessaly before the Achaeans, s Black Sea coast; Gulf of Sirte, Libya; Majorca (Bronze Age Libyans); NW Galicia. (WG) The Olmec flourished in the Gulf Coast region of Mexico, ca. 1250–400 BCE - "Earliest writing in Americas" = Cascajal block. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs 1200 - ca. " 'Danuna', according to contemporary Egyptian inscriptions, invaded Northern Syria in company with the Slierdina and Zakkala of Lydia, the Shakalsha of Phrygia, the Pulesari of Lycia, the Akaiwasha of Pamphylia, and other E Mediterranean peoples. To the Egyptians these were all 'Peoples of the Sea'-—the Akaiwasha are Achaeans—forced by the pressure of the new Indo-European horde to emigrate from the coastal parts of Asia Minor as well as from Greece and the Aegean islands." (WG) 1290 - 1224 Ramesses II 1267 ? Israel enters Canaan, Fall of Jericho Artifacts unearthed in Egypt's eastern Nile Delta show glass was made there from raw materials around 1250 B.C. The artifacts were found at the site of Pharaoh Ramses II's capital city. The remains reveal the earliest known glassmaking site anywhere in the world and the only one dating from the Bronze Age. The finds also show for the first time the methods used to make early glass. . . . the next earliest known glassworks, in Rhodes, Greece, dates to around 200 B.C. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0616_050616_egyptglass.html 1224 - 1214 MERENPTAH (re-deafeated Hyksos?) 1200 - Sanchoniatho, Phoenicia's oldest known historian, lived |
[cf Sea Peoples?] |
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| ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Mayan Sacred Calendar: National Underworld: Heaven 6: Night 3: Assimilation - 1144 - 749 1200 - approximate start of Iron Age (Wikipedia) [Mysteries of the Past, 1977: First iron making in Asia Minor] Bronze was much more abundant in the period before the 12th to 10th century and Snodgrass[6][7] suggests that a shortage of tin, as a result of the trade disruptions in the Mediterranean at this time, forced peoples to seek an alternative to bronze. That many bronze items were recycled and made from implements into weapons during this time, is evidence of this. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age Austronesian from the Moluccas sailed E to Melanesia islands (1200 B.C.) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_people The Philistines . . . entered Palestine [indeed, Palestine is named after them] around 1200 B.C. as part of the great invasion of the Sea Peoples from Anatolia [Turkey], who overran Lebanon and Canaan and were only repulsed at the frontiers of Egypt in an epic land-and-sea battle by Rameses III, pharaoh of Egypt. The defeated Philistines were resettled in the coastal cities of Palestine as garrison troops for Egyptian strongholds - Ashkelon, Ashdod, Gaza, Ekron, and Gath . . ." [Discovery of Lost Worlds] 1187 BCE The attempted invasion of Egypt by Sea People. Amongst them were a group called the P-r-s-t (first recorded by the ancient Egyptians as P-r/l-s-t) generally identified with the Philistines. They appear in the Medinet Habu inscription of Ramses III[20], where he describes his victory against the Sea Peoples. Nineteenth-century Bible scholars identified the land of the Philistines (Philistia or Peleshet in Hebrew meaning "invaders") with Palastu and Pilista in Assyrian inscriptions, according to Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897). Other groups than the Philistines, were the Tjekker, Denyen and Shardana, and the vigorous counter-attack by Pharaoh Rameses III saw most Canaanite sites in what was later to be Israel and Judah destroyed. Later in the reign of this Pharaoh, Philistines and Tjekker, and possibly also Denyen, were allowed to resettle the cities of the coastal road which became known in the Biblical Exodus account as "the Way of the Philistines". The name is used in the Bible to denote the coastal region inhabited by the Philistines. The five principal Philistine cities were Gaza, Ashdod, Ekron, Gath, and Ashkelon. Modern archaeology has suggested early cultural links with the Mycenean world in mainland Greece. Though the Philistines adopted local Canaanite culture and language before leaving any written texts, an Indo-European origin has been suggested for a handful of known Philistine words. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah Hittite: After ca. 1180 BC, the empire disintegrated into several independent "Neo-Hittite" city-states, some surviving until as late as the 8th century BC. The Mycenaean civilization flourished between 1600 BC and the collapse of their Bronze-Age civilization around 1100 BC. The collapse is commonly attributed to the Dorian invasion, although several other theories have been advanced as well (natural disasters, climate change). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece With the collapse of the Mycenaean palatial civilization by the 12th century BC, written evidence for Greek disappears [Mallory, 66] 1100 - Collapse of Mycenean empire, commonly attributed to the Dorian invasion. ca. 1550 - 1100 - Stonehenge IIIc [end of activity] - http://www.themystica.com/mystica/articles/s/stonehenge.html Gorgon myth: Perseus is taking the bag to Tartessus, the Aegean colony on the Guadalquivir; Gades, the principal city of Tartessus, was founded 1100 B.C., thirteen years before the foundation of Utica in North Africa. Gades (Cadiz) is built on Leon, an island of Tartessus; the older city was on the western shore and included a famous temple of Cronos mentioned by Strabo. It is likely that the island was once, like Pharos, both a sepulchral island and a trading depot. The Phoenicians worshipped Cronos as Moloch and Hercules as Melkarth. Pherecydes guessed that Hercules had an ancient shrine on the eastern shore. The shrine of Hercules was set up by the colonists of 1100 B.C. Strabo quotes Poseidonius for holding that the Pillars of Hercules were two pillars set up before his shrine. (WG) So it is likely that the pre-Phoenician Hercules of Tartessus was Palamedes, or the lion-skinned God Ogmios: whom the Irish credited with the invention of the alphabet that they 'had out of Spain' and whom Gwion, in his Elegy on 'Ercwif, celebrates as a planter of alphabetic pillars. (WG) 1100 - Ballintober bronze sword was traded out from Ireland to SE Britain and to the Seine and Loire Valleys. (OB, 273) + perhaps skills: west Central Europe created the Hemigkofen sword type, which found its way down the Rhine and across to East Anglia and the Thames Valley. (OB, 276) As early as the tenth century B.C. the Phoenicians had planted important colonies in the west, notably Carthage in Tunisia and Gadir (Ca/diz) in Spain. [Mysteries of the Past, 1977, 170] 1000 - Bronze Age gold hair rings made in Ireland trans-shipped in Wessex on their way to destinations on the Rhine. (OB, 273) 1000 - carp' s tongue swords, a long bronze sword with a slotted hilt, originating in Brittany, start to appear along the Atlantic coastal fringe, penetrating up major rivers from western Germany to western Iberia. Also common in England, but concentrated in the east and south-east of the country and quite far up the Thames. (OB, 273) 1000 - Bronze Age barbecues with elaborate articulated roasting spits and cauldrons appear along the Atlantic coast. The distribu- tion includes not only western Iberia, north-west France and Ireland, but also south-east England and the Thames. (OB, 273) alphabet : [1000 bc] Proto-Byblian script, the pre-historical syllabic script used by the Canaanites of Phoenicia since the second millenium bc, but never deciphered. It probably became the basis for Phoenician. Cf. Early Canaanite alphabet, Palaio-Sinaitic alphabet. The Phoenician alphabet is a continuation of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, . . . taken to originate around 1050 BC. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet (Has 22 letters, 4? vowels) alphabet : [1000 bc] Greek alphabet in 24 letters. According to Hyginus, the Fates originally invented the initial 7 letters, or the 5 vowels and 2 stops called Alpha, Omicron, Upsilon, Eta, Iota, Beta, and Tau (Α, Ο, Υ, Η, Ι, Β, Τ, or A.B.H.I.O.T.V.). Palamedes son of Nauplius invented 11 other letters, making a total of 18 letters. Epicharmus of Sicily added to Greek the 2 letters Theta and Chi (Θ, Χ), letters 8 and 22, making 20 letters in total, but some accounts tells us that he invented instead Psi and Pi (Ψ, Π), letters 23 and 16.[9] Simonides the Dionysian devotee added four letters to the Greek alphabet, namely Omega, Epsilon, Zeta, and Psi (Ο, Ε, Ζ, Ψ), or letters 24, 5, 6, and 23, but some say he added instead, Omega, Epsilon, Zeta, and Phi (Ο, Ε, Ζ, Φ), or letters 24, 5, 6, and 21.[10] Thus, by counting the original 7 letters with the additions made by Palamedes (11 letters), Simonides (4 letters), and Epicharmus (2 letters), we arrive at the modern count of 24 Greek letters. The Greek alphabet formed the bases for the Etruscan, Oscan, Umbrian, and Roman alphabets. Cf. Pelasgian alphabet, Cadmean alphabet, Dorian alphabet. alphabet : [1000 bc] Aramaic syllabary, the writing system that gave rise of Square Hebrew or ketav meruba‘ ‘square script’ and ketav ashuri ‘Assyrian writing.’ Aramaic was a language spoken in several small kingdoms in Syria and northern Mesopotamia, and the center of Aramaic speech was at Dameshek, now Damascus. When the Assyrian Empire was reëstablished from the ninth century bc, Aramaean political power gradually disappeared, and Dameshek fell to the Assyrians in 732 bc. However, Aramaean culture survived and spread eastward with the Aramaean exiles. alphabet : [1000 bc] Ras Shamra alphabet, based on cuneiform. It might have been invented in imitation of the Phoenician system.[8] Cf. Palaio-Sinaitic. alphabet : [1000 bc] Palaio-Sinaitic alphabet, based on cuneiform, and classed with the Ras Shamra.[11] Semites living in Palestine and the Sinai Peninsula used this alphabet, but it has never been deciphered. Cf. Early Canaanite alphabet, Proto-Byblian script. alphabet : [1000-900 bc] Dorian alphabet of 24 letters, the Greek alphabet that became the parent to all of the Italian alphabets, namely Etruscan, Umbrian, Oscan, Faliscan, and Latin.[7] Dorian Greek letters evolved from an adaption of the North Semitic alphabet. Cf. Ionic alphabet [403 bc]. 1000 B.C. - "At this time east and central Europe, from the Black Sea to the Pyrenees, was inhabited by peoples with a fairly uniform culture, which archaeologists have called the Urnfield culture. . . . lived in small villages of round or square wooden houses, all of much the same size; the men wore a wrap-around kilt or sarong, with a cloak above, the women a long or short skirt and a blouse, all of plain woolen weave; they farmed a small area of uniformly sized fields, plowing with an ox-drawn plow that had no moldboard and did not turn the sod, and when they died they were cremated and the ashes were buried in a pottery vessel in large communal cemetaries, the urn fields which have given the culture its name. . . . Bronze working was widespread, with exploitation of the copper of Ireland and the Carpathians, and the tin of Cornwall, long-swords of bronze, an innovative in Europe, are commonly found. But they appear to have been an egalitarian population, with no great extremes of wealth and poverty, and with no signs of large-scale wars or empire building." [Discovery of Lost Worlds] [Mysteries of the Past, 1977: 1000 B. C. - 200 A. D. - Adena culture in Ohio, North America] Austronesian from Melanesia and Micronesia sailed to Polynesia by 1000 B.C. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_people 1000 - 500 heliacal setting of Taurus ALSO occurred around the time of the spring equinox (March 21) 1st century - heliacal rising of Taurus began to occur around April 5. 1000 BC–500 BC: Proto Germanic. The Vedic Civilization gives way to the Mahajanapadas. Zoroaster composes the Gathas, rise of the Achaemenid Empire, replacing the Elamites and Babylonia. Separation of Proto-Italic into Osco-Umbrian and Latin-Faliscan. Genesis of the Greek and Old Italic alphabets. A variety of Paleo-Balkan languages are spoken in Southern Europe. The Anatolian languages are extinct. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages 970 BCE, David's son Solomon became king of Israel.[12] By 980 BCE Solomon began to build the Holy Temple known as the First Temple. Upon Solomon's death (c. 930 BCE), the ten northern tribes split off to form the Kingdom of Israel. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews Assyria a large kingdom: Neo-Assyrian (911–612 BC). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria 850 - An Egyptian Expedition to America, recorded on the Orient Tablet, Eagle Neck, Orient, Long Island, New York (SunGod) 800- "settlements of iron-weaponed visitors in south Britain." (WG) eighth century BCE - Eleusinian mysteries celebrated (Greece) |
Another disruption of tin trade networks Britain Britain |
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| 1100 BC Shang dynasty, China (30 degrees N latitude) - ends 900 - 200 - Chavin de Huantar, Peru / 1500 - 400 according to: www.globalheritagefund.org/where/chavin.html |
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| "about 800 B.C. . . . signs of outside interference appear among the Urnfield peoples. Scattered among the thousands of burial urns of this period are found a few, perhaps sixty in all, containing bronze horse trappings, especially bits, of [the] type [known elsewhere]. They are the horse-bits, with ornamental cheekpieces, depicted on Assyrian reliefs from the eighth century B.C. in northern Mesopotamia . . . , new in Assyria also, [no] doubt . . . introduced from the north, from the Cimmerian and Scythian horsemen who at this time were contending for grazing grounds north of Armenia and north of the Black Sea. It would seem that a very small number of these warrior horseman, Cimmerians and possibly even Scyths, penetrated into Europe in this century. They were probably originally mercenaries, perhaps even veterans from the Assyrian armies. But they rapidly attained positions of some prominence among the peoples whom they served. From about 700 B.C. we find their burials." [Discovery of Lost Worlds] [Reappearance of Greek writing] Introduction of the [Greek] alphabet sometime between 825 and 750 BC. [Mallory, 66] alphabet : [800-700 bc] Early Hebrew, a Phoenician syllabary in 22 symbols. The original Hebrew script was forgotten, and superseded by Aramaic script during the Babylonian Exile (586-516 bc). alphabet : [800 bc] Etruscan alphabet in 26 letters, based upon Greek, and evidenced by the Marsiliana Tablet in Florence, and some 11,000 inscriptions found elsewhere. The alphabet was first based on the 22 letters of Hebrew, with the Greek addition of 4 letters, making 26 letters total. The Etruscan script was superseded by the Roman or Latin alphabet of 21 letters. The Latin alphabet later grew to 23 letters, and then 26 letters. Early Greek, Etruscan, and Early Latin were uniformly written right to left, in the manner of Semitic writing. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY: |
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